Diplomatic Negotiations Flashcards
Why was the oil embargo significant in the aftermath of the Yom Kippur War?
The oil embargo proved the effectiveness of the ‘oil weapon’ when all Arab states collaborated, leading to increased global attention on the Middle East and a shift in the USA’s attitude towards Arab States.
Why was oil important? A large proportion of it is produced where?
Oil was a very important source of energy across the world (run cars, heat homes, make products etc.). A large proportion of it was produced in Arab countries (OPEC - Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries)
What significant action did Arab states take in October 1973?
In October 1973, Arab states imposed an oil embargo on the USA, refusing to sell any oil and reducing oil production by 25%.
What were the consequences of the oil embargo on a global scale?
The oil embargo led to worldwide oil shortages and a quadrupling of oil prices. The increased cost of production resulted in a significant rise in the prices of goods, leading to decreased consumer purchasing.
What were the economic impacts of the oil embargo?
The oil embargo resulted in companies going out of business, widespread redundancies, and a significant rise in unemployment, contributing to a major economic crisis.
What was the significance of the oil embargo imposed by Arab states in October 1973?
The oil embargo was significant as it demonstrated the effectiveness of the “oil weapon” when Arab states collaborated.
What were the consequences of the oil embargo on the USA?
The USA faced severe economic impacts, including skyrocketing oil prices, oil shortages worldwide, and a major economic crisis.
How did the oil embargo influence Western countries?
Western countries, especially those with few oil reserves, were severely affected economically, leading to business closures, redundancies, and a general economic downturn.
Why did the USA desire peace during the economic crisis caused by the oil embargo?
The economic crisis prompted the USA to seek peace to ensure an end to the embargo and avoid its potential restart, which would further harm the economy.
How did the USSR respond to the economic impact of the oil embargo?
The USSR, having its own oil supplies, was less affected economically. It also benefited by selling oil to the West, although the impact was limited as it mainly supplied other communist countries.
Why did the USSR still seek peace despite its economic advantages?
The USSR desired peace due to the near-nuclear conflict during the Yom Kippur War and dissatisfaction with the perceived waste of weapons provided to Arab states.
What role did the USA play in creating a lasting peace in the Middle East?
The USA played a major role by pressuring Israel to withdraw from Egypt and Syria, facilitating a ceasefire to end the Yom Kippur War, and actively working towards a lasting peace in the region.
Who played a major role in improving relations between Egypt and Israel through shuttle diplomacy?
Henry Kissinger played a significant role in enhancing relations between Egypt and Israel through shuttle diplomacy.
What position did Henry Kissinger hold during this diplomatic effort?
Henry Kissinger served as the US Secretary of State, responsible for foreign affairs, during the diplomatic efforts to improve relations between Egypt, Syria, and Israel.
What is meant by ‘shuttle diplomacy’?
‘Shuttle diplomacy’ refers to the practice of a mediator traveling back and forth between parties engaged in a conflict or negotiation who are unwilling to meet face-to-face.
Why did shuttle diplomacy become necessary in this context?
Shuttle diplomacy became necessary because Egypt, Syria, and Israel were unwilling to engage in direct talks, so Kissinger traveled between them to facilitate diplomatic discussions.
Besides Egypt and Israel, which other country’s relations did Henry Kissinger contribute to improving?
Henry Kissinger also played a role in improving relations between Syria and Israel, in addition to his efforts with Egypt and Israel.
In which year did Henry Kissinger engage in shuttle diplomacy between Egypt, Syria, and Israel?
In 1974, Henry Kissinger engaged in shuttle diplomacy between Egypt, Syria, and Israel to facilitate diplomatic discussions and enhance relations.
Why was it relatively easy for Henry Kissinger to apply pressure on Israel during diplomatic efforts?
Israel was dependent on US aid, making it easier for Henry Kissinger to apply pressure on President Rabin during diplomatic negotiations.
What was Egypt’s primary motivation for seeking peace through diplomatic efforts?
Egypt, particularly Sadat, wanted peace, recognizing that it could lead to the reopening of the Suez Canal.
What was President Assad’s stance on compromising for peace during the negotiations?
President Assad of Syria was unwilling to compromise for peace and refused to give up on the Golan Heights during the diplomatic negotiations.
How did Israel’s dependence on US aid impact diplomatic negotiations?
Israel’s dependence on US aid made it susceptible to pressure from Henry Kissinger, who could leverage this dependence to influence President Rabin during diplomatic negotiations.
What agreement was reached between Egypt and Israel regarding the Suez Canal?
Both Egypt and Israel agreed to withdraw troops from the Suez Canal and allowed a UN peacekeeping force to create a demilitarized zone (DMZ), leading to the reopening of the Canal on 5th June 1975.
What arrangement was made between Syria and Israel regarding the Golan Heights?
Syria and Israel agreed to allow UN observers to monitor a new demilitarized zone in the Golan Heights.
When did the Suez Canal reopen as a result of diplomatic efforts?
The Suez Canal reopened on 5th June 1975 as a result of diplomatic efforts.
