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A&P 2 Test 5 Digestive > Digestive System Overview > Flashcards

Digestive System Overview Flashcards

1
Q

How long does an AA chain have to be in order to be absorbed

A

<3 AA’s in length

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2
Q

How many AA’s are essential

A

9

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3
Q

How many AA’s are conditionally essential

A

7

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4
Q

How many AA’s are non essential

A

4

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5
Q

Once inside the enterocyte what happens to the FFA’s and monoglycerols

A

They are turned back to TAGs in the ER

From the ER they go to the Golgi to be packaged w/ cholesterol and lipoproteins as a chylomicron

From the Golgi the chylomicron in dumped into a lacteal (lymph duct) where it then enter the blood stream via the thoracic duct

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6
Q

Where do LDL’s come from and what do they do

A

When VLDLs are stripped of their TAGs thet get remodeled in the liver to LDL

the function of LDL is to deliver cholesterol to body cells

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7
Q

What is the role of HDLs

A

to deliver excess cholesterol to the liver

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8
Q

What organs/tissues are considered to be accessory in the digestive system

A

Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, spleen, pancreas, aorta bifurcation and superior mesenteric vein

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9
Q

What are the 6 basic processes of the digestive system

A
  1. ingestion
  2. secretion
  3. mixing and propulsion
  4. digestion (mechanical and chemical)
  5. absorption
  6. defection
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10
Q

What are the 4 tissue layers of the digestive system

A
    • serosa (aka visceral peritoneum) = covers all the GI tract except the esophagus, composed of areolar connective tissue and squamous epithelium (mesothelium)
    • adventitia= covers esophagus
  2. muscularis= muscular portion that also contains the myenteric plexus
  3. submucosa= areolar connective tissue that binds mucosa and muscularis, contains many blood and lymph vessels for absorption, and submucosal plexus
  4. mucosa= inner layer of the GI tract
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11
Q

What is the myenteric plexus also known as, where is it found, and what does it control

A
  • aka Auerbach plexus
  • found between muscle layers of the muscularis
  • controls GI tract motility
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12
Q

What is the submucosal plexus also known as and what does it control

A
  • aka Meissner plexus
  • found between the submucosal and muscularis
  • controls secretion in the GI tract
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13
Q

Name the the 3 layers of the mucosa from outer to inner and describe them

A
  1. muscularis mucosae= thin layer of smooth muscle that causes the mucosa to have a folded appearance and increase surface area
  2. Lamina propria= areolar connective tissue, with many blood vessels and lymph that connect to submucosa, contains MALT
  3. Epithelial layer
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14
Q

What type of epithelial cells line the mucosa layer of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, and anus

A

nonkeratinized squamous epithelium

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15
Q

What type of epithelial cells line the mucosa layer of the stomach and intestines

A

simple columnar

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16
Q

What arises from the embryonic foregut

A

Everything from salivary glands to proximal doudenum

salivary gland, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, proximal duodenum

supplied by branches of the celiac artery

17
Q

What arises from the embryonic midgut

A

Everything from middle duodenum to the proximal 2/3 transverse colon

middle and distal duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, appendix, ascending colon and 2/3 transverse colon

supplied by superior mesentery artery

18
Q

What arises from the embryonic hindgut

A

Everything from the distal 1/3 transverse colon to the anus

distal 1/3 transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, and proximal anal colon

supplied by inferior mesentery artery

19
Q

What is visceral somatic convergence and why do we care

A

abdominal organs lack a dedicated sensory pathway so pain in these organs is “referred” to skin or muscle

20
Q

Where is foregut pain referred

A

epigastric area via the greater splanchnic nerves (T5-T9)

21
Q

Where is midgut pain referred

A

peri-umbilical area via lesser splanchnic nerves (T10-T11)

22
Q

Where is the hindgut referred

A

suprapubic area via least splanchnic nerves T12

23
Q

What connects the myenteric and submucosal plexuses

A

interneurons

24
Q

Where are sensory neurons of the GI tract located and what are some of their functions

A

mucosal epithelium

fxns= chemoreceptors (activated by chemicals from food), baroreceptors

25
Q

What nerves supplies the parasympathetic fibers to most of the GI tract

A

The Vagus nerve

26
Q

When the parasympathetic nerves of the GI tract what happens

A

increases GI secretion, and motility

27
Q

Where do the sympathetic nerves of the GI tract arise from

A

the thoracic and upper lumbar regions of the spinal cord

28
Q

What is the largest serous membrane in the body

A

the peritoneum

29
Q

What is the peritoneum made of

A

simple squamous epithelium and areolar connective tissue

30
Q

What are the 2 layers of the peritoneum and where are they located

A
  1. parietal peritoneum= lines wall of abdominopelvic cavity

2. visceral peritoneum= serosa

31
Q

What GI organs are retroperitoneal

A
  • ascending and descending colon
  • proximal duodenum
  • head and body of the pancreas
32
Q

Name the 5 major folds of the peritoneum and and describe them

A
  1. Greater omentum=largest fold, attaches to duodenum and stomach then travels downward and turns upward to attach to the transverse colon. Has lots of adipose tissue, and lymph nodes
  2. Falciform omentum= fold that divides the liver into its 2 lobes and attaches it to the anterior abdominal wall
  3. Lesser omentum= connects stomach and distal duodenum to the liver, it is a pathway for blood vessels entering the liver
  4. Mesentery= fan shaped fold the wraps around the jejunum and ileum it arises from and returns to the posterior peritoneal wall. It contains blood and lymph vessels that supply the small intestines
  5. Mesocolon= 2 folds that bind the large intestine to the posterior wall, 1st fold binds to transverse colon, 2nd fold binds to the sigmoid colon
33
Q

What ligament arise from the free border of the falciform ligament and what is it a remnant of

A

the ligament of teres, (aka round ligament)

remnant of umbilical vein

34
Q

True or False the mesentery and mesocolon hold the small intestine in place

A

True

A&P 2 Test 5 Digestive (5 decks)

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