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Cell Bio Block 3 > Digestive System- esophagus and GI > Flashcards

Digestive System- esophagus and GI Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the 4 layers of the alimentary canal?

A

mucosa
submucosa
muscularis
serosa

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2
Q

what are the 3 layers of the mucosa of the alimentary canal?

A

lining epithelium
lamina propria
muscularis mucosa

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3
Q

what are the 4 important functions of the mucosa?

A

secretion
absorption
barrier
immunological

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4
Q

what antibodies does the mucosa secrete?

A

IgA

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5
Q

what are the types of lymphatic tissue of the lamina propria of the mucosa?

A

peyer’s patches
GALT (Diffuse lymphatic + lymphatic nodules)
Eosinophils, neutrophils, macrophages

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6
Q

what is the boundary between the mucosa and the submucosa?

A

muscularis mucosa

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7
Q

what makes up the submucosa of the alimentary canal?

A

dense irregular connective tissue

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8
Q

what is the extensive nerve plexus of the submucosa of the alimentary canal?

A

submucosal or Meissner’s plexus

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9
Q

what glands are occasionally found in the submucosa of the alimentary canal?

A

submucosal glands

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10
Q

what plexus is found in the muscularis layer of the alimentary canal?

A

Auerbach’s plexus / myenteric

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11
Q

what movement of the muscularis moves things longitudinally only?

A

peristalsis

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12
Q

what movement of the muscularis of the alimentary canal moves things proximally and distally?

A

segmentation

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13
Q

what are the sphincters formed by the muscularis?

A

pyloric sphincter
ileocecal valve
internal anal sphincter

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14
Q

what is the simple squamous epithelium of the serosa of the alimentary canal called?

A

mesothelium

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15
Q

what is the serosa of the alimentary canal equivalent to in the body?

A

visceral peritoneum

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16
Q

what kind of epithelium makes up the pharynx near the esophagus?

A

nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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17
Q

what kind of epithelium makes up the pharynx near the nasal cavity?

A

pseudo-stratified ciliated columnar epithelium w/ goblet cells

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18
Q

what is the muscularis in the esophagus at upper 1/3, middle 1/3, and lower 1/3?

A

upper- skeletal
middle- skeletal and smooth
lower- only smooth

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19
Q

what is the mucosa of the esophagus?

A

stratified squamous epithelium

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20
Q

what type of mucus is secreted from submucosal glands in the esophagus?

A

slightly acidic

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21
Q

what do cardiac glands of the lower esophagus secrete?

A

neutral mucus

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22
Q

what is the transition of epithelium in the esophagogastric junction?

A

from stratified squamous epithelium to columnar

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23
Q

how are gastric glands formed?

A

gastric mucosa invaginates to form gastric pits

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24
Q

what type of secretion do pyloric glands secrete?

A

viscous; probably mucous in nature

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25
Q

what type of cells are found w/ pyloric glands?

A

enteroendocrine cells

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26
Q

what do chief cells secrete?

A

pepsinogen and weak lipase

27
Q

pepsinogen is converted to what?

A

pepsin

28
Q

where are parietal cells found?

A

in the neck of fundic glands

29
Q

what is important about the membranes of the tubulovesicular system of parietal cells?

A

serve as a reservoir of active proton pumps

30
Q

what are the 3 receptors that iniate the release of HCl from the parietal cells?

A

Gastrin
Acetylcholine M
Histamine H2

31
Q

what factor is needed to combine w/ Vitamin B12 so it can be absorbed in the ileum?

A

intrinsic factor

32
Q

the absence of what lead to pernicious anemia?

A

parietal cells

33
Q

what is Vitamin B12 needed for?

A

RBC production and maintenance of CNS

34
Q

What peptide hormones are released by enteroendocrine cells from the fundus to the colon?

A

VIP

Somatostatin

35
Q

how long is the average lifespan of a mucosal cell?

A

3 to 5 days

36
Q

What is the main site for digestion and absorption?

A

small intestine

37
Q

Where can enzymes of the small intestine be found?

A

in the glycocalyx of the microvilli of the intestinal abosorptive cells (enterocytes)

38
Q

what are the 2 enzymes that mainly aid with lipid digestion?

A

pancreatic lipase and bile

39
Q

where is most of the lipid digestion in humans anatomically?

A

duodenum and ileum

40
Q

what gives actin in the microvilli its rigidity?

A

fascin

fimbrin

41
Q

what stabilizes the terminal web of the microvilli?

A

spectrin

42
Q

The presence of what in the terminal web determines that it can contract?

A

Myosin II and tropmyosin

43
Q

what does the terminal web of the enterocytes do to increase absorption?

A

it contracts to increase surface area to allow more absorption to occur

44
Q

what are the plicae circulares on the mucosal surface of the small intestine also known as?

A

valves of kerckring

45
Q

what are intestinal villi and what to do they do?

A

they are finger-like projections that cover the intestinal mucosa and function to increase SA

46
Q

what kind of epithelium do intestinal villi have?

A

simple columnar epithelilum w/ goblet cells interspersed

47
Q

what is at the middle of intestinal villi?

A

lacteals

48
Q

what is another name for intestinal glands?

A

crypts of Lieberkuhn

49
Q

where are brunner’s glands found?

A

submucosa of the duodenum

50
Q

what do brunner’s glands secrete?

A

alkaline secretions to neutralize acidic chyme

51
Q

which staining procedure will give a positive for glycoproteins present in mucus and the brush border of intestines?

A

PAS-hematoxylin

52
Q

what are the 5 mechanisms present in the alimentary canal for defense?

A 
peyer's patches
IgA
paneth cells
Acidity of gastric juices
peristalsis
53
Q

what is the big role of paneth cells?

A

regulating the normal flora of small intestine

54
Q

what are the secretory granules that are present in paneth cells?

A 
lysozyme
alpha defensins
glycoproteins
arginine rich protein
zinc
55
Q

What is the only AB that can be selectively passed across the mucosa tot he lumen?

A

IgA

56
Q

what does IgA bind?

A

toxins
antigens
microorganisms

57
Q

what is the pathology of crohn’s disease?

A

Neutrophils, lymphocytes, and macrophages produces cytokines that cause damage to the intestinal mucosa

58
Q

what are the principal functions of the large intestine?

A

Reabsorption of water/ electrolytes

Elimination of undigested food/ waste

59
Q

what is the mucosa of the large intestine consist of?

A

goblet cells
absorptive cells
intestinal glands

60
Q

what does the pectinate line mark?

A

This line marks the junction b/w endodermal and ectodermal derivatives

61
Q

what epithelium is in the colorectal zone?

A

simple columnar epithelium

62
Q

what epithelium is in the anal transition zone?

A

simple columnar to stratified columnar to stratified squamous

63
Q

what epithelium is in the squamous zone?

A

stratified squamous

64
Q

what is the cause of Hirschsprung’s disease?

A

Lack of neural crest cell migration to a segment of colon results in aganglionosis in which Meissner’s plexus and Auerbach’s plexus do not form ***

Cell Bio Block 3 (9 decks)

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