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Histology PHM > Digestive system > Flashcards

Digestive system Flashcards

1
Q

Peyer’s patches

A

clumps of lymphatic tissue (also called aggregated lymphoid nodules) that are found in the ileum of the small intestine
they have immune function of preventing bacterial overgrowth in the small intestine

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2
Q

GALT is found in which layer of digestive tract?

A

mucosa’s lamina propria

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3
Q

layers of mucosa

A 
Lining epithelium (mucous membrane) 
Lamina propria 
Muscularis externus
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4
Q

Location and function of Meissner’s plexus

A

In the submucosa

Innervate muscles of mucosa muscularis externus and blood vessels

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5
Q

Where only does submucosa have glands?

A

Esophagus and duodenum

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6
Q

Auerbach’s plexus

A

found between circular and longtudinal layers of muscularis externus of mucosa

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7
Q

Characteristic of outer longitudinal layer of mucosa in large intestines

A

It is d iscontinuous

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8
Q

Extent of oesophagus

A

from neck to mediastinum of chest (space between the lungs) and abdomen

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9
Q

Unique features of the oesophagus

A
  1. It’s one of the only two places whose submucosa has glands. its glands are called proper glands
  2. In its entire length, lining is stratified squamous non-keratinized
  3. Its muscularis externa has both smooth and skeletal muscle in addition
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10
Q

Explain distribution of smooth and skeletal muscle along length of oesophagus

A

Upper 1/3rd only skeletal muscle
Middle 1/3rd, both skeletal and smooth
Lower 1/3rd, only smooth muscle

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11
Q

Type of connective tissue of mucosa’s lamina propria

A

Loose irregular CT

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12
Q

Connective tissue type of submucosa

A

Dense irregular CT

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13
Q

Difference between serosa and adventitia

A

serosa is the covering of esothelium (walls of cavities) and is found where GIT is hanging freely
Adventitia is connective tissue that connects structures

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14
Q

Main function of stomach

A

dissolve and mix ingested food creating chyme

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15
Q

Function of rugae

A

folds that allow for expansion of stomach

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16
Q

Gastric pits are found in the ____ of the mucosa

A

mammillated areas

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17
Q

3 parts of gastric glands

A

neck
isthmus
fundus

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18
Q

Composition of stomach mucous

A

bicarbonate

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19
Q

How cloudy mucous protects stomach from its acidic pH

A

since it’s alkaline, it raises pH at the surface to 4-5 from the pH of 1-2 of gastric juices

20
Q

Hiatus hernia

A

when part of the stomach protrudes through a cavity in the diaphragm. more common in women than men and is usually asymptomatic.
can cause reflex of stomach contents into oesophagus

21
Q

Most common site of stomach cancer

A

esophago-gastric junction

22
Q

Tubulovesicular system

A

a system of membranes

23
Q

Pyroli sphincter formed by which layer of the stomach

A

3rd layer /oblique layer

24
Q

Main function of intestine

A

absorption of nutrients and other components of food (completes digestion process)

25
Q

Area of small intestine with greatest surface area for absorption

A

Jejunum

26
Q

Compare the plicae circulares of the different parts of the small intestine

*MNEMONIC for parts of small intestine: DJ Izzy

A

plicae circulares are thicker, taller, and more

numerous in the jejunum than in the duodenum or ileum.

27
Q

Valves of Kerkring

A

submucosal extensions that project into intestinal lumen to increase surface area for absoprtion

also called Plica Circularis

28
Q

True or false: Villi are submucosal projections

A

False: villi are mucosal projections

29
Q

Crypts of Lieberkhun

A

epithelia of the villi extending down into the lamina propria where they form crypts which are glands

their Paneth cells secrete intestinal juices

30
Q

Type of secretions produced by crypts of lieberkhun

A

serous

31
Q

Function of Paneth cells of intestinal crypts

A

provide innate immunity

32
Q

Main function of large instestine

A

Passive absorption of water

33
Q

Gastroesophagial reflux disease (GERD)

A

In which inferior sphincter of oesophagus is not working and there is reflux of stomach acid into the oesophagus. Because the mucous of the oesophagus does little to protect against acid, it can lead to metaplasia of the stratified squamous non-keratinized changing to simple columnar cells forming Barret oesophagus

34
Q

Barret esophagus

A

complication of GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease). dangerous because it can lead to cancer (ESOPHAGIAL ADENOCARCINOMA)

35
Q

Characteristics of protein-secreting cells

A

Prominent nucleolus
Basophilic cytoplasm
Extensive ER

36
Q

Gastrin is produced by

A

G cells (type of enteroendocrine cells)

37
Q

Crohn disease; location, causes, and symptoms

A

Disease of digestive tract most commonly affecting ileum or colon.
Caused by combination of genetic and environmental and autoimmune factors.
Symptoms include excess lymphocyte activity in all layers of GIT wall of affected area, bleeding, mal-absoprtion, pain, and diarrhea

38
Q

Difference between adsorption and absorption

A

in absorption, the molecule penetrates through the liquid/solid doing the absorbing. but in adsorption, the molecule adheres and concentrates on the surface without going through it

39
Q

Function of small intestine’s glycocalyx coat

A

Adsoprtion of nutrients then the enzymes present on it digest those nutrients which are then absorbed

40
Q

Function of Brunner’s glands. In which part of the GIT are they found, and in which layer?

A

To secrete mucous

They are found in the duodenum of small instestine in the submucosa

41
Q

Location of Crypts of Lieberkhun.

A

The small and large intestie

42
Q

Location of anal transitional zone. What happens here?

A

Located in the middle 1/3rd of anal canal

Cells changes from simple columnar to stratified squamous

43
Q

Enumerate the Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome.

A

also called Gastrinoma
a tumor of enteroendocrine cells at the gastroduodenal junction that produces excess gastrin hormone = excess HCl production = peptic ulcers

44
Q

Which type of gland has the most parietal and chief cells?

A

fundic glands

45
Q

Differentiate pyrolic glands from cardiac and fundic glands.

A

Extend up to submucosa of duodenum unike the cardiac and fundic glands which only reach mucosa

Histology PHM (8 decks)

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