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Bio 233 > Digestive system > Flashcards

Digestive system Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the Messentary do?

A

connects peritoneal organs to the back of the abdominal cavity and is made of adipose

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2
Q

What are the largest salivary glands? What kind of saliva does it produce?

A

Parotid salivary glands. produce serous saliva. (Bite into lemon).

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3
Q

How does Watery saliva assist in digestion? What are the water saliva glands called.

A

They are called serous saliva Helps with mechanics digestion. It lyses the cells

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4
Q

What are enzymes in the saliva

A

Salivary amylase, small amount of lipase

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5
Q

Tooth structure.

A

Crown, Neck, root, pulp cavity

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6
Q

Teeth anerobic infections

A

Impacted teeth… but to have them removed

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7
Q

What does salivary amylase do?

A

breaks starch into maltose

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8
Q

What is the muscle configuration of esophagus?

A

Top 1/3 is skeletal muscle (still can under go paristolis, Middle 1/3 mixed, lower third smooth muscles

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9
Q

Pyloric sphinter

A

Slowly releases to help prevent too much acid from going into the intestine

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10
Q

What is Pyloric stenosis? Who is most likely to be affected?

A

narrowing of pyloric sphinctor. Happens in infants, lead to anorexia

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11
Q

What are Pylorospasms?

A

Caused by meat food poisoning. Keeps the pyloric sphintor under tightness

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12
Q

What are examples of the direct digestive system?

A

oral cavity, oral pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine,, rectum, anus

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13
Q

What are some of organs or structures of the digestive system are indirect organs )or accessory)?

A

Gall bladder, pancreas, liver, salivary glands, teeth, tongue

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14
Q

What kinds of bonds are broken during chemical digestion?

A

They break covalent bonds

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15
Q

What is the function of the acid in the stomach?

A

To break the hydrogen bonds in food molecules breaking down their confirmations and allowing digestive enzymes access to break them further into monomers

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16
Q

What level do proteins need to be broken down to to be useful to the body

A

amino acids, dipeptide, or tripeptide

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17
Q

What lipids are not absorbable in their whole from? And to what form do they need to be broken down?

A

Tri-gylderides, They break down in monoglyceride and two free fatty acids

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18
Q

What is the maximum length of the GI system? What is a more common length?

A

30 ft. max, generally about 20 ft.

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19
Q

By what mechanisms do mechanical digestion occur in the digestive system?

A

Through chewing food and the churning in the stomach and through segmentation small intestines

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20
Q

What are the layers of the GI tract?

A

Mucosa, Submucosa, Muscularis, Serosa

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21
Q

What type of epithelium is mucosa layer made of in most of the GI tract?

A

simple Columnar epithelium

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22
Q

What type of epithelium is the mucosa layer made of in the esophagus and anus?

A

stratified squamous epithelium (non-keritized)

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23
Q

What are the tissue layers within the mucosa?

A

The epithelium, the lamina propria, the muscular mucosa

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24
Q

What kind of tissue is the Lamina propria made of? What are some differences though the GI system?

A

loose areolar connective tissue. It can be as thin a basement membrane, or can be thick forming the villi in the intestines

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25
Q

What are rugae, what is there function and where are they found?

A

They are in the stomach, they are folds in the lower stomach that allow the stomach to distend.

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26
Q

What produces pepsinogen? and how is it activated?

A

Chief cells - also called zymogenic cells. It is activated by hydrochoric acid. The HCL cleaves of a portion of the pepsinogen protein. The remaining portion is pepsin

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27
Q

What happened to your blood while you eat? and what is this change called?

A

The pH is raised. It is called the alkaline tide.

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28
Q

What it the stomach emptying phase called?

A

The intestinal phase

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29
Q

Alcohol Dehydrigenase

A

acetaldehyde

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30
Q

What is the role of histamine?

A

Primarily targets parietal cells (produce HCL) and secondarily Chief cells (Pepsinogen)

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31
Q

Where do you find the Serus acini? What do they produce?

A

In the pancreas

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32
Q

What is the “master digestive acid” released from the stomach that activates the others

A

Trypsinogen

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33
Q

What is the result of pancreatitis?

A

The trypsin can start to break to the pancreas itself. This can increase risk for pancreatic cancer

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34
Q

What is the function of secretin?

A

Secretin acts of the parietal cells and the chief cells to slow down chemical digestion. It also acts on the pancreas to signal the release of bicarbonate.

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35
Q

What produces the bile and where is it stored? What is its function?

A

It is produced in the liver and stored in the gall bladder. It’s function is emulsification

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36
Q

What is the organizational break down of the liver?

A

Lobules that are made up of sinusoids

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37
Q

What are the main components of the lobules of the liver?

A

hepatocytes, bile ducts, hepatic portal vein, Kupffer cells (macropahges), hepatic artery, central canal which how the hepatic vein.

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38
Q

What are the three components of the small intestine?

A

Duodenum, jejunum, ileum

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39
Q

Why are there more goblet cells in the lower intestine?

A

What is left is more viscus and needs goblets cell to keep it moving along, also microvilli are less important

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40
Q

What are the three structures that increase surface area in the small intestine?

A

Plicae circularis —> Villi —-> microvilli

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41
Q

What kinds of structures are typically present in the submucosal layer?

A

blood vessels and glands, and MALTs

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42
Q

What are the two layers of the muscularis, and what is their function?

A

The mucularis is composed of two layers of muscle. The outer longintudal lay and the inner circular layer. They work together in parastolysis.

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43
Q

Where do lipid soluable molecules get pick up in the intestine?

A

Lacteals, into the lyphtatic system

44
Q

What is the name of the structure with bile salts on the outside that envelopes lipids?

A

Micelle

45
Q

What is entry to the large intestine caller? And what is the structure like?

A

Ileocecal sphincter. It really a one way valve

46
Q

What are the taenia coli in the large intestine?

A

…. The create the Haustra and help with segmentation

47
Q

What are the anal sphincters and how are they controlled?

A

Internal sphincter is smooth muscle and involuntaryThe External sphincter is skeletal muscle control (voluntary control)

48
Q

What do the anal valves do?

A

Allow gas to pass without leakage of solids.

49
Q

What are the taenia coli in the large intestine?

A

The three bands of longitudinal muscle. They create the Haustra and help with segmentation

50
Q

What is an enterocyte?

A

An absorptive cell, most common in the small intestine. They contain the microvilli

51
Q

Where do the Krebb cycle and the Electron transport chain take place?

A

In the mitochondria

52
Q

What combine with Acetyl co-a and what 6 carbon molecule does it produce to start the Krebb cycle?

A

—– It creates citric acid

53
Q

What combine with Acetyl co-a and what 6 carbon molecule does it produce to start the Krebb cycle?

A

Acetyl Co A combines with Oxaloacetic acid It creates citric acid

54
Q

What is the first step of glycololisis. What enzyme is used and what is it’s union?

A

Hexokinase

55
Q

Where is the lesser -omentum- located? What is it?

A

It is a double fold of visceral peritoneum which has inside it the hepatic portal vein from the stomachs. It connects the less curvature of the stomach to the liver

56
Q

Where does the Greater -omentum- attach? What is is mad of?

A

Attaches to the great curvature of the stomach to the transverse colon. Mad of vascularized adipose tissue

57
Q

What are examples of organs that are retroperitoneal?

A

Pancreas and kidneys

58
Q

What kind of antibodies are present in the mouth?

A

IGAs

59
Q

What are the primary form of digestion occurs in the mouth? What is the secondary form?

A

Mechanical digestion - masticate food make boils. Chemical digestions - salivary amylase and lingual lipase

60
Q

What is the name for the hole in the diaphragm that the esophagus passes through? What pathology is associated with problems with this hole?

A

The hiatus. Leads to hiatal hernia some of the stomach end up in the thoracic cavity.

61
Q

What happens when the lower esophageal sphincter fails to open?

A

Esophagus overfilled, gets distended and can feel like intense pressure - like heart arrack?

62
Q

What is the main cause of GERD? What is known as colloquially?

A

GERD is heartburn. It is cause be lower esophageal sprinter being left open.

63
Q

What ate the three layers of muscle in the stomach? Which layer is extra compared to the rest of the digestive system? what is it’s function?

A

The longitudinal muscle, the circular muscle (middle circular muscle) the oblique (inner oblique. The oblique is the additional layer. Allows churning.

64
Q

What is chyme? What is it’s release rate?

A

It is the pulpy acid fluid that is released to the small intestine from the stomach. If release … about 1-2 tsps. every few minutes.

65
Q

What are three ways that the stomach is protected from self digestion

A

Alkaline muccus produced from the goblet cells, tight junctions between the epithelial cells that prevent protons from moving into the lain propria, stomach lining is replaced every 2-3 days.

66
Q

What are the invaginations of the stomach called?

A

Gastric pits

67
Q

What kind of cells are in the gastric gland that is found lower down in the gastric pit. List them from closest to the surface to deepest.

A

Mucous neck cells, parietal cells, Chief cells (zymogenic cells), G cells (enteroendocrine cells), and ———–

68
Q

In addition to pepsinoogen what else is secreted from chief cells, and what is another name for chief cells.

A

They secrete gastric lipase in addition to pepsinogen, and the are called zymogenic cells.

69
Q

Describe the mucous neck cells aand their function.

A

They are particular gobble cells as the neck of the gastric gland that produce very viscous and alkaline muccous. They protect from the parietal cells that excrete HCL.

70
Q

What is produced by the parietal cells?

A

Hydrocloric acid and intrinsic factor.

71
Q

Describe how Receptor mediated endocytosis work with vitamin B12.

A

Vitamin B12 binds to intrinsic factor. The two together can bind to receptors, and then be pulled into the cell.

72
Q

What is a paracrine? Which cells in the stomach as as paracrines?

A

A locally acting hormone. The G- cells and…..

73
Q

What happens to the stomach during the gastric phase of digestion that “activates” the stomach?

A

stretch receptors sense distension, food raises pH.

74
Q

What Anion moves into the stomach lining, and then into the stomach and which anion can move out into the blood?

A

Cl- into somach. HCO3- (bicarbonate ion).

75
Q

What happens to the bicarbonate the enters the blood in the alkaline tide?

A

It moves through the blood stream until is is pick up by the ductal cells of the pancreas

76
Q

Which type of iron can be absorbed by the body? What is the role of stomach acid in iron absorbtion?

A

Fe2+ or ferrous iron. Most dietary iron is Fe8+ the acidicity change that state of the iron

77
Q

What is chymosin? Who has larger quantities of it?

A

It is an enzyme the denature milk proteins. Babies produce a lot.

78
Q

What is the alimentary canal?

A

Another name for the whole digestive tube

79
Q

In what ways is pepsin a positive feedback loop?

A

The pepsin itself can cleave pepsinogen. Creating more pepsin

80
Q

What cause the release of CCK (cholecystokinin)?

A

Free fatty acids and partially digested proteins

81
Q

What are the functions of CCK (cholecystokinin?

A

Decrease stomach churning, mantains tightness on lower esophageal sphincter, contract gall bladder, release digestive enzymes increases production of bile, relaxes the sphincter of Oddi

82
Q

What do stretch recepters do in the duodenum?

A

They slow down stomach activity and increase intestinal activity

83
Q

What are layers of the mucosa?

A

Epithelial, lamina propria, muscularis mucosa

84
Q

What is the function of GIP (gastric inhibitory protein) and where is it produced?

A

Works as a back up for secretin and CCK

85
Q

Where are sectritin, cholecystokinin, and gastric inhibitory peptide produced?

A

In the duodenum

86
Q

Where are sectritin, cholecystokinin, and gastric inhibitory peptide produced?

A

In the duodenum. More specifically in the crypts.

87
Q

enterogastric reflex

A

..?

88
Q

What is trypsin inhibitor? Where is produced? What is its function?

A

It is produced in the pancrease. It is an enzyme that binds to trypsin in the pancreas to deactivate it to stop self digestion of the pancreas

89
Q

Enterokinase

A

…..

90
Q

What is gluconeogenisis and where does it occur?

A

turning fats and proteins into glucose. Occurs in the liver

91
Q

Whey does glycogen synthesis occur?

A

Skeletal muscle and liver

92
Q

Where can fructose be metabolized?

A

The liver

93
Q

What is the role of the liver made in lipids?

A

Synthesis cholesterol, HDLs and LDLs. Can synthesize all but two fatty acids

94
Q

What is the liver’s role with amino acids?

A

It dominates and converts ammonia to urea, it converts non essential amino acids from one type to another

95
Q

What are panteth cells?

A

The secrete lysosomes from the crypts of the small intestine

96
Q

What are the cells that release alkaline mucous in the duadenom?

A

Brunner’s glands

97
Q

What are Peyer’s patches?

A

nodules of Lyphatic tissue MALT’s) within the ilium and in the colon

98
Q

What is segmentation?

A

Contractions of just the circular muscles to mix the chyme with he pancreatic juice and to make contact with the brush border

99
Q

How is fructose absorbed into the enterocytes and then blood?

A

Though simple diffussion

100
Q

How are glucose, galactose, and amino acids absorbed into the enterocytes and then blood?

A

In the cells through secondary active simperers with sodium, the simple diffusion into blood.

101
Q

How are dipeptide or tripeptides absorbed? In what part of the intestine are they primarily absorbed? Why in that area?

A

Secondary active transport with protons. Mostly in the proximal end of the small intestine because it is the most acidic, so it has the highest concentration gradian of protons.

102
Q

Describe the path of lips from the intestine to the lympathic system

A

Mycelles –> endocyte membrane –> triglycrerideres —> chlyomicrons >- Exocytosis to lacteals -> lympthatic system

103
Q

How are water soluble vitamins absorbed?

A

Through passive diffusion into the blood

104
Q

How are fat soluble vitamins absorbed?

A

same way as lipids, through micelles eventually to lymph tissue

105
Q

What vitamin is unique with is cofactor and receptor mediated endocytosis?

A

Vitamine B12. Transported with intrinsic factor.

Bio 233 (9 decks)

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