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ANAT1003 > Digestive system > Flashcards

Digestive system Flashcards

1
Q

Where does digestion start and end?

A

starts in the mouth with salivary amylase and ends in the duodenum

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2
Q

From the innermost to the outermost, state the four main layers of the gut.

A

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa and adventitia

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3
Q

the epithelium and muscularis mucosa and lamina propria are parts of which layer of the gut?

A

the mucosa

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4
Q

the arteries, veins and lymphocytes are parts of which layer of the gut?

A

submucosa

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5
Q

The Auerbach’s plexus, longitudinal and circumferential muscles are from which layer of the gut?

A

muscularis externa

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6
Q

fat is in which layer of the gut?

A

adventitia

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7
Q

The salivary glands produce three substances. What are they?

A

salivary amylase, lipase and lysozymes

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8
Q

What is the epithelium lining the oral cavity, pharynx and oesophagus like? What is this purpose?

A

stratified, squamous epithelium. Provides protection against coarse food to the stomach

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9
Q

The secretory epithelium of the gut is thin and consists of tubular glands that secrete enzymes via:

A

gastric pits

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10
Q

When food arrives in the stomach, digestion of protein begins. What enzymes are involved and how does the stomach digest it?

A

First cleaved into polypeptides, then peptides and lastly amino acids. The digestion is made possible by the acidic environment and the enzyme pepsin. The stomach makes food into chyme and squirts it into the duodenum.

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11
Q

where are pepsin and HCL produced?

A

pepsin: chief cells
HCL: parietal cells.

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12
Q

How is pepsin made simply?

A

pepsinogen secreted by chief cells and HCL by parietal cells; HCL activates pepsinogen to pepsin

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13
Q

Digestion is completed in the duodenum aided by enzymes secreted from where? There is another substances required for digestion of fats, what is this?

A

the pancreas.

bile by the liver

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14
Q

Which part of the S.I. performs most of absorption?

A

jejunum

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15
Q

Food passes through the ileum and into the L.I. via:

A

the ileo-caecal valve

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16
Q

The function of large intestine is:

A

absorb water

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17
Q

The L.I. is divided into parts, what are they?

A

caecum (with appendix), ascending colon, transverse colon and descending colon, rectum

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18
Q

Which enzymes does the pancreas secrete into the duodenum?

A

proteases trypsin and chymotrypsin, as well as pancreatic amylase and lipase

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19
Q

involuntary movement of food down the oesophagus is called:

A

peristalsis

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20
Q

Endocrine cells in the gut epithelium produces?

A

produces hormones (gastrin and somatostatin) that regulates the pH by controlling production of hydrochloric acid and bicarbonate

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21
Q

What is the epithelium structure of the S.i?

A

simple columnar epithelium

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22
Q

The mucosa is folded into finger-like projections called villi, and have circular folds called:

A

plicar ciruclares

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23
Q

The mucosa has intervening short glands called :

A

crypts of Lieberkuhn

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24
Q

What are villi made up of?

A

enterocytes for absorption with scattered mucous secreting goblet cells.

25
Q

What is the ‘brush border’?

A

microvilli on the enterocytes luminar surface

26
Q

How do the pancreatic enzymes enter the duodenum?

A

secreted by acinar cells and enter duodenum by pancreatic duct

27
Q

Crypts of Lieberkuhn contain cells for host defense by secreting lysozomes. What cells are they?

A

Paneth cells

28
Q

What is bile?

A

an emulsifier that breaks fats into small micelles better for absorption

29
Q

What structures secrete bicarbonate?

A

the pancreas and the Brunner glands

30
Q

Name one substance absorbed by the duodenum:

A

iron

31
Q

What is absorbed by the ileum?

A

B12 and bile salts

32
Q

Humans cannot digest cellulose while mammalian herbivores can. There is a difference in our cecum and appendix. What is this difference?

A

They have larger cecum that contain bacteria aiding breakdown of cellulose

33
Q

The longitudinal muscles of the colon are divided into three longitudinal bands calledL

A

taenia coli

34
Q

what structure of epithelium does the anus have?

A

protective stratified squamous epithelium for defecation

35
Q

explain oesophageal adenocarcinoma:

A
  • lethal tumor/cancer in the oesophagus
  • normal squamous epithelium in the oesophagus changes into columnar epithelium with goblet cells.
  • caused by acid reflux (puking)
36
Q

Villi of the S.I. have extensive vasculature; blood goes in the S.i. via which arteries and goes out via which arteries? Where do these outwards arteries lead to?

A

superior and inferior mesenteric arteries.

portal vein and to the liver

37
Q

the connective tissue, smooth muscle is formed by which layer of the mesoderm?

A

inner splanchnic layer of lateral plate mesoderm

38
Q

The autonomic nerves which control bowel movements are formed by what cells from ectoderm?

A

neural crest cells

39
Q

What is allantois?

A

a ventral outgrowth of the hindgut that contributes to the placenta

40
Q

blood supplied by celiac trunk artery; components of foregut:

A 
oral cavity, pharynx (and derivatives), respiratory system (trachea, lungs),
oesophagus, stomach, duodenum (superior to opening of the bile duct), liver, pancreas and
biliary apparatus (gallbladder and bile ducts)
41
Q

blood supplied by superior mesenteric artery; components of midgut:

A 
small intestine
(including most of the duodenum), caecum and appendix, ascending colon and most of the
transverse colon.
42
Q

blood supplied by inferior mesenteric artery; components of the hindgut:

A

remaining part of the transverse colon, the descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anal canal,
urinary bladder and most of the urethra

43
Q

The gastrointestinal tract was originally formed by columnar epithelium by the endoderm. This then differentiates into other types of epithelium, by signals from?

A

mesoderm

44
Q

The mesoderm can be divided into layers with signals from

A

endoderm

45
Q

SHH is secreted from the epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract; its function is to inhibit a type of protein that makes smooth muscle. What is this protein?

A

SMAP-smooth muscle activating protein

46
Q

at low levels of SHH in the GI tract, SMAP will be activated; state the location of SMAP activation and what will it form?

A

forms smooth muscle from lateral plate mesoderm. This is further away from the lumen.

47
Q

SHH also inhibits BMP4, What is this purpose?

A

to stop differentiate of neurons in the submucosal plexus to the boundary with the circumferential smooth muscle layer.

48
Q

The liver, gall bladder and biliary ducts form on the 4th week of human development. true or false?

A

true

49
Q

How is liver formed>

A

evaginating ventral endoderm of the duodenum from signals of septum transversum and the heart.

50
Q

How is gall bladder formed?

A

bud of the hepatic duct

51
Q

How is the pancreas formed?

A

buds appear in the dorsal and ventral side of endoderm, caudal to hepatic duct. the ventral bud moves around to the dorsal side and fuse with the dorsal bud

52
Q

The gut was formed and packed properly in the foetus during development. True of false

A

False. It was projected into the umbilical cord as a U shaped tube. Return to the abdomen by a series of folding and rotating that give the gut its orientation

53
Q

What is omphalocoele?

A

congenital malformation in which the gut is not fully stored in the abdomen. Usually the mid gut

54
Q

The liver needs signals from two places to development. Where are they? What are the signalling protein?

A

cardiac mesoderm (FGF) and the septum transversum (BMP)

55
Q

When concentration of FGF is high and Wnt inhibited, what foregut structure is formed?

A

liver

56
Q

When concentration of FGF is low and Wnt is activated, what foregut structure is formed?

A

pancreas

57
Q

For growth of pancreas, FGF and BMP must be high. True of false?

A

False. They must be low, or none

58
Q

Name two types of neurons in the gut (plexus):

A

Auerbach’s and Meissner’s

ANAT1003 (12 decks)

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