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Human Biology Unit 1 > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

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1
Q

Oral Cavity

A

Where digestion begins, where the intake of food and water.

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2
Q

Liver

A

Produces Bile, removes toxins, processes food nutrients and regulates body metabolism.

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2
Q

Salivary Glands

A

Produces Saliva

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3
Q

Small intestine

A

It helps to further digest food coming from the stomach. It absorbs nutrients (vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, fats, proteins) and water from food so they can be used by the body.

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3
Q

Rectum

A

Collects and holds your faeces until it’s time to release it.

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3
Q

Gall Bladder

A

Stores and concentrates Bile

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4
Q

Large Intestine

A

Absorbs water and some vitamins, and forms and propels faeces toward the rectum for elimination

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5
Q

Anus

A

Passes stool

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6
Q

Stomach

A

An organ with strong muscular walls, the stomach holds the food and mixes it with acid and enzymes that continue to break the food down into a liquid or paste

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7
Q

Pancreas

A

Produces enzymes that help to digest food, particularly protein

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7
Q

Oesophagus

A

Transports food entering the mouth through the throat and into the stomach

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8
Q

Name the two sphincters in the digestive system

A

Cardiac Sphincter, Pyloric Sphincter

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9
Q

Identify the accessory organs

A

Liver, Pancreas, Gall Bladder, Salivary Glands

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10
Q

Identify the pathway of food through the alimentary canal

A

Oral Cavity, Oesophagus, Stomach, Large intestine, Small intestine, Rectum, Anus.

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11
Q

Name the six simple processes of the digestive system

A

Ingestion, Mechanical digestion, Chemical digestion, Movement, Absorption, Elimination.

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12
Q

Explain the difference between chemical and mechanical digestion

A

Mechanical digestion involves physically breaking down food substances into smaller particles to more efficiently undergo chemical digestion. The role of chemical digestion is to further degrade the molecular structure of the ingested compounds by digestive enzymes into a form that is absorbable into the bloodstream.

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13
Q

What are the four types of mechanical digestion and where do they occur?

A

Chewing occurs in the mouth, Churning occurs in the stomach, Emulsification occurs stomach but occurs when bile emulsifies fats, Peristalsis occurs in the oesophagus (For mechanical digestion)

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14
Q

Explain the mechanical and chemical digestion in the mouth

A

Mechanical- Chewing, the teeth tear and rind food into a bolus
Chemical- The Salivary Amylase starts the process of carbohydrate digestion.

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15
Q

Explain the mechanical and chemical digestion in the stomach

A

Mechanical-
Chemical-

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15
Q

Explain the mechanical and chemical digestion in the small intestines

A

Mechanical-
Chemical-

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16
Q

What are the 3 parts of the small intestines?

A

duodenum, jejumun, ileum

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17
Q

What are the 3 digestive enzymes

A

Amylase, Protease, Lipase

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18
Q

What is the simplest form of carbohydrates?

A

Simple Sugars

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19
Q

What is the simplest form of proteins?

A

Amino Acids

20
Q

What is the simplest form of lipids?

A

Fatty Acids and Glycerol

20
Q

Where does the digestion of carbohydrates occur and what enzyme causes this?

A

The digestion of carbohydrates starts in the mouth and then continues in the small intestines, the enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates is Amylase.

21
Q

Where does the digestion of proteins occur and what enzyme causes this?

A

The digestion of proteins starts in the stomach and continues in the small intestines and the enzyme that causes it to break down is protease and pepsin (a type of protease enzyme).

22
Q

Where does the digestion of lipids occur and what enzyme causes this?

A

The digestion of lipids occurs in the small intestine, and the enzyme that breaks it down is lipase.

22
Q

What is chyme?

A

The semifluid mass of partly digested food expelled by the stomach into the duodenum.

23
Q

What are the 4 types of teeth and how many of each do you have?

A

Incisors-4
Canines-2
Pre-molars-4
Molars-6

24
Q

What is a bollus?

A

A ball of food and saliva that travels through the digestive system

25
Q

What is absorbed in the stomach?

A

Drugs, Alcohol, Caffeine

26
Q

What enzyme do people that have lactose-intolerance lack?

A

Lactose intolerance is due to the lack of the enzyme lactase in the small intestines to break lactose down into glucose and galactose.

27
Q

Chief Cells

A

Produce pepsin

28
Q

Goblet Cells

A

Produce mucous to protect the lining of the stomach

29
Q

Mast Cells

A

Cause an inflammatory response are the first line of defence against antigens entering the body.

30
Q

Protease

A

Enzyme that breaks down proteins into amino acids

31
Q

Lipase

A

Enzyme that breaks down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol

32
Q

Amylase

A

Enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates into simple sugars

33
Q

What is the function of the Duodenum?

A
34
Q

What is the function of the Ileum?

A
35
Q

What is the function of the Jejunum?

A
36
Q

What are the three main salivary glands?

A

Submandibular gland (SMG), sublingual gland (SLG), and the parotid gland (PG)

37
Q

Saliva

A

Keeps your mouth and throat lubricated and comfortable. Moistens food so it’s easier to swallow.

38
Q

What are gastric juices made up of?

A

Gastric juice is a unique combination of hydrochloric acid (HCl), lipase, and pepsin.

39
Q

What is the function of HCl in the gastric juices?

A

The hydrochloric acid breaks down the food and the acid also kills bacteria

40
Q

What enzymes does the pancreas produce?

A

Pancreatic Amylase, Pancreatic Lipase, Pancreatic Protease

41
Q

How are proteins broken down?

A

Proteins are ingested, the gastric protease (pepsin) break down the proteins into polypeptides in the stomach, pancreatic protease in the small intestine break down the polypeptides into di peptides, then the intestinal protease breaks the dipeptides into Amino Acids.

42
Q

How are carbohydrates broken down?

A

Polysaccharides are cited upon the salivary amylase in the mouth and then pancreatic amylase in the small intestine to produce disaccharides, intestinal amylase then acts upon the disaccharides in the small intestine to produce monosaccharides (simple sugars).

43
Q

How are lipids broken down?

A

Lipids are acted upon by the bile salts which emulsifies the lipids into tiny droplets, the droplets are acted upon by pancreatic and intestinal lipase in the small intestine to produce Fatty Acids and Glycerol.

44
Q

Explain how the structure of the small intestine facilitates nutrient absorption.

A

The structure of the small intestine facilitates nutrient absorption through its extensive surface area provided by villi and microvilli, which maximize contact between nutrients and absorptive cells. Additionally, the presence of intestinal folds, mucosal folds, and intestinal crypts further enhance nutrient absorption by increasing surface area and facilitating nutrient uptake by enterocytes.

45
Q

How do mechanical and chemical digestion work together to facilitate the breakdown of large molecules into smaller ones for absorption?

A

Both processes work together synergistically to facilitate the breakdown of large molecules, such as carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, into smaller ones that can be efficiently absorbed by enterocytes in the small intestine.

46
Q

Which organ produces digestive enzymes and bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid?

A

The pancreas produces digestive enzymes (e.g., pancreatic amylase, lipase, proteases) and bicarbonate ions to neutralize stomach acid in the small intestine.

47
Q

How do the secretions from the salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder collectively support the digestive process?

A
  • Salivary glands: Producing saliva containing enzymes that begin the digestion of carbohydrates in the mouth.
  • Pancreas: Secreting pancreatic enzymes (e.g., amylase, lipase, proteases) and bicarbonate ions to neutralize stomach acid and facilitate the digestion of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins in the small intestine.
  • Liver: Producing bile, which is stored in the gallbladder, to emulsify fats and aid in their digestion and absorption in the small intestine.
48
Q

Discuss the role of villi and microvilli in nutrient absorption

A

Villi and microvilli play a crucial role in nutrient absorption by providing a large surface area and containing specialized cells, such as enterocytes, that are responsible for absorbing nutrients, including carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals, into the bloodstream or lymphatic system.

49
Q

What are the structural adaptations of the small intestine that facilitate absorption?

A
  • Villi: Finger-like projections lining the inner surface of the small intestine that increase its surface area for absorption.
  • Microvilli: Tiny hair-like structures on the surface of epithelial cells covering villi, further increasing the surface area available for nutrient absorption.
50
Q

What types of materials are typically removed during the elimination process?

A

Undigested foods, fibre, dead cells, bacteria and metabolic waste products

51
Q

Discuss the role of the large intestine in the elimination process.

A

The large intestine plays a crucial role in the elimination process by absorbing water and electrolytes from undigested food material, converting it into feces, and facilitating its expulsion from the body during defecation

52
Q

What mechanisms are involved in the expulsion of waste materials from the body?

A

The expulsion of waste materials from the body primarily involves two mechanisms: defecation and urination. Defecation refers to the elimination of solid waste from the digestive system through the anus, while urination involves the removal of liquid waste, mainly excess water, electrolytes, and metabolic byproducts, from the body via the urinary system.

Human Biology Unit 1 (10 decks)

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