Circulatory System

Question 1

Veins

Answer 1

Carry de-oxygenated blood to the heart

Question 2

Arteries

Answer 2

Carries oxygenated blood away from the heart/ to the rest of the body.

Question 3

Capillaries

Answer 3

Are the smallest blood vessel that have thin walls. They transport materials like oxygen, nutrients, carbon dioxide and waste.

Question 3

Superior Vena Cava

Answer 3

Return deoxygenated blood to the heart from the head and arms.

Question 4

Inferior Vena Cava

Answer 4

Return deoxygenated blood to the heart from all body regions below the diaphragm.

Question 5

Right Atrium

Answer 5

Receives deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps it to the right ventricle.

Question 6

Right Ventricle

Answer 6

The right ventricle pumps blood low in oxygen to the lungs.

Question 7

Pulmonary Veins

Answer 7

Where oxygenated blood enters the left atrium

Question 7

Pulmonary Artery

Answer 7

Where deoxygenated leaves the heart heading towards the lungs.

Question 7

Left Atrium

Answer 7

Receives blood full of oxygen from the lungs and then empties the blood into the left ventricle

Question 8

Aorta

Answer 8

Pumps oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the rest of the body.

Question 8

Explain the flow of deoxygenated blood through the heart?

Answer 8

Deoxygenated blood travels from the superior and inferior vena can into the right atrium, then the right ventricle and it flows into the pulmonary artery to the lungs.

Question 8

Left Ventricle

Answer 8

The left ventricle pumps blood full of oxygen out to the body.

Question 9

Why is there heart a ‘double’ pump?

Answer 9

The heart is a a double pump because it pumps blood to the lungs and the rest of the body as well.

Question 10

Explain the valves position during ventricular filling.

Answer 10

AV Valves- Open
SL Valve- Closed

Question 11

Explain the valves position during ventricular systole

Answer 11

AV Valves- Closed
SL Valves- Open

Question 12

Explain the valves position during Isovolumetric relaxation.

Answer 12

All are closed

Question 13

Explain the difference between a capillary and an artery and vein

Answer 13

Arteries carry blood away from your heart. Veins carry blood back toward your heart. Capillaries, the smallest blood vessels, connect arteries and veins.

Question 14

Name the 4 stages of the cardiac cycle

Answer 14

Ventricular & Atrial diastole, Atrial systole, Ventricular systole & Ventricular diastole

Question 15

Name the artery structure from exterior to interior

Answer 15

Tunica externa, Thick tunica media, Endothelium

Question 15

Name the vein structure from exterior to interior

Answer 15

Tunica externa, Tunica media, Endothelium

Question 16

Name and explain 3 differences between arteries and veins

Answer 16

• The veins have valves to prevent black flow
• Arteries are thicker than veins because they have to withstand high blood pressure
• Veins have less elastic and muscle tissue than arteries

Question 17

What is responsible for blood groups?

Answer 17

The antigens on the surface of the red blood cells.

Question 18

Why is it necessary to match the blood groups of the donor to the recipient of a blood transfusion?

Answer 18

If they are not matched then the immune system recognises the blood cells as ‘non-self’ which causes it to clump up (coagulate) which can block capillaries.

Question 19

What blood group is the universal donor and why?

Answer 19

O-, because it has no antigens which means the recipients blood can't detect it as non-self.

Question 20

What blood group is the universal recipient and why?

Answer 20

AB, because it has both the A and B antigens present and lacks antibodies.

Question 21

What is an antigen?

Answer 21

A substance capable of producing a specific immune response.

Question 22

What is an antibody?

Answer 22

A protein produced by the bodies immune system in response to a non-self antigen.

Question 23

What are the 4 components of blood?

Answer 23

Plasma, Red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), platelets (thrombocytes)

Question 24

What is the process of blood clotting?

Answer 24

Tear in the blood vessel -> vessel contracts -> rough surfact attracts platelets -> platelets plug damaged wall -> platelets release vasoconstrictors -> clotting factors react -> forms meshwork to trab platelets-> clot retracts -> scab forms ->

Question 25

What is the function of red blood cells?

Answer 25

To carry oxygen around the body and carry carbon dioxide to the lungs.

Question 26

What is the function of white blood cells?

Answer 26

They circulate in the blood and mount inflammatory and cellular responses to injury or pathogens.

Question 27

What is the function of platelets?

Answer 27

To clump together to prevent and stop bleeding.

Question 28

Explain the flow of oxygenated blood through the heart.

Answer 28

Oxygenated blood flows from the lungs into the left atrium through the pulmonary veins, blood then flows from the atrium into the left ventricle then into the aorta to the rest of the body.

Question 29

What role do leukocytes play in protecting the body from infections and foreign invaders?

Answer 29

They achieve this by identifying and destroying pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi through mechanisms like phagocytosis and the release of antimicrobial substances. Additionally, leukocytes are involved in coordinating and regulating the immune response, including the production of antibodies, antigen presentation, and the initiation of inflammatory responses.

Question 30

Describe the role of plasma in facilitating the transport of materials in the blood.

Answer 30

Plasma carries dissolved substances, such as glucose, amino acids, and hormones, to cells for use in metabolic processes and carries waste products, such as carbon dioxide and urea, to organs like the lungs and kidneys for excretion.

Question 31

How do the components of blood work together to maintain homeostasis in the body?

Answer 31

Together, these components maintain homeostasis in the body by performing various functions. Red blood cells transport oxygen from the lungs to tissues and remove carbon dioxide for exhalation. White blood cells defend against infections and foreign invaders. Platelets help in blood clotting to prevent excessive bleeding. Plasma transports nutrients, hormones, and waste products, maintains osmotic balance, and regulates body temperature.

Question 32

How might imbalances or abnormalities in blood components affect overall health and bodily functions?

Answer 32

A decrease in erythrocytes can lead to anemia, leadin to fatigue and a decrese of oxygen delivery to tissue. Abnormalities in white blood cell counts or function may impair the body's ability to fight infections, leading to increased susceptibility to illnesses. Platelet disorders can result in abnormal bleeding or clotting, increasing the risk of hemorrhage or thrombosis. Disruptions in plasma composition, such as electrolyte imbalances or abnormal protein levels, and can lead to dehydration, hormonal imblanaces or impaired organ function.

Question 33

What is the primary function of the circulatory system at the cellular level?

Answer 33

At the cellular level, the primary function of the circulatory system is to supply oxygen and nutrients to cells while removing waste products, such as carbon dioxide and metabolic byproducts, from cells.