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cell unit > Digestive system > Flashcards

Digestive system Flashcards

1
Q

2 components in digestion and describe them briefly

A

mechanical ( broken down using physical forces)
chemicals( broken down using chemical reactions )

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1
Q

what’s the purpose go the digestive system?

A

supply the body with raw materials needed to grow, and maintain homeostasis.

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2
Q

where does digestion begin?

A

in the mouth

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3
Q

what is the mouth bound by and what do those allow you to do?

A

bound by cheeks and lips which allow expansion and sealing while food is being consumed

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4
Q

what kind(s) of digestion occur inside the mouth?

A

mechanical - chewing
chemical - salivary amylase

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5
Q

chewed is aka?

A

masticated

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6
Q

the food ball we create after chewing is called?

A

bolus

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7
Q

what’s responsible for the movement of food inside the mouth?

A

tongue

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8
Q

what’s responsible for the tasting of food inside the mouth?

A

tongue

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9
Q

what type of muscle is the tongue composed of?

A

skeletal muscle

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10
Q

what type of reception is taste?

A

chemoreception (sensing chemicals)

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11
Q

chemoreception is done by what?

A

taste buds

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12
Q

what do taste buds do?

A

absorb molecules from the food and send signals to the brain identifying the chemicals it senses

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13
Q

how many taste buds does the human tongue have and how often is it replaced?

A

8,000
replaced every 10 days

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14
Q

what kind breakdown is teeth responsible for? an where?

A

mechanical breakdown in the mouth

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15
Q

what’s the hardest substance in. the human body?

A

teeth

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16
Q

what does teeth do?

A

break down food in increase it’s surface area to aid digestion

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17
Q

human children have how many teeth?

A

20

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18
Q

human adults have how many teeth?

A

32

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19
Q

how are the teeth anchored to the gums?

A

by long root extension s layered with enamel, dentin, and pulp

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20
Q

enamel, dentin, and pulp house what in the centre?

A

blood vessels

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21
Q

what are the 4 different types of teeth

A

incisors
canines
molars
pre molars

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22
Q

what are incisors used for?

A

cutting and plucking plant matter

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23
Q

what are canines used for?

A

used for tearing ( usually meat)

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24
Q

what are molars/pre molars used for?

A

used for crushing and grinding plant matter

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25
Q

what’s commonly referred to as the roof of the mouth?

A

the palate

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26
Q

what’s the purpose of the palate ?

A

separated the mouth cavity from the nasal cavity

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27
Q

the hard palate is made up of _____, and the soft palate os made up of____

A

bone
muscles

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28
Q

children born without a full formation of a palate is called?

A

cleft palate

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29
Q

what can being born with a cleft palate effect?

A

breathing
speech
eating & hearing

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30
Q

what kids of tissue are salivary glands?

A

epithelial tissue

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31
Q

how many glands of epithelial tissue secrete saliva?

A

3

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32
Q

what does saliva aid in?

A

to assist in chemical digestion

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33
Q

what is saliva mostly made up of?

A

98% water

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34
Q

what are the other substances in saliva except water?

A

epithilial tissue
white blood cells
anti-microbial agents
electrolytes
mucus & enzymes

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35
Q

what’s the most important enzyme in saliva and what does it break down?

A

salivary amylase
breaks down starch into maltose using hydrolysis.

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36
Q

what/where is the pharynx

A

the region between the mouth and the oesophagus where digestive and respiratory systems intersect

37
Q

what’s the use of the pharynx?

A

acts as a gate to allow appropriate material to passage into the proper tube.

38
Q

how does the pharynx control what goes where?

A

using flaps of tissue that closes off the one system when the other is in use.

39
Q

what 2 body parts, prevents food from entering the nasal cavity?

A

soft palate
uvula

40
Q

how does the uvula and soft palate prevents food from entering the nasal cavity?

A

by contracting and blocking the nasopharynx

41
Q

the entry to the trachea is called?

A

glottis

42
Q

use if the epiglottis ?

A

blocks the entry to the trachea to prevent food from entering the lungs

43
Q

what rises and uses the epiglottis like an umbrella to prevent food form entering the lungs??

A

trachea

44
Q

2 steps that take place when food is being swallowed

A

sort palate and ulna closes off the nasopharynx and the trachea rises to cover itself with the epiglottis.

45
Q

1 step that take place when air is being breathed.

A

nasopharynx is open and the glottis is uncovered, allowing air inside the lungs.

46
Q

where does the oesophagus start and end?

A

start at the pharynx and end at the stomach.

47
Q

where is the stomach located?

A

at the abdomen

48
Q

what region is considered the thorax region?

A

The area of the body between the neck and the abdomen.

49
Q

does the oesophagus perform any digestion?

A

no

50
Q

the oesophagus is ____ until it receives food

A

collapsed

51
Q

describe peristalsis

A

rhythmic muscular contractions that occur thought the digestive process to move the food along

52
Q

can peristalsis move food the in the correct direction even if we’re hanging upside down?

A

yes

53
Q

what prevents back flow inside the tubes of our body?

A

valves

54
Q

what are valves composed of?

A

muscle that contracts to close the area off

55
Q

where does the oesophagus really end? (both terms )

A

the lower oesophageal sphincter or the cardiac sphincter

56
Q

describe the cardiac sphincter

A

a ring shaped muscle capable of contracting to seal off a tube.

57
Q

when will the cardiac sphincter be closed? and why?

A

when food is being digested to prevent the acidic chyme from entering the oesophagus.

58
Q

is stomach the main organ for digestion?

A

no, its a myth

59
Q

the folds in the stomach are called?

A

rugae

60
Q

use if rugae?

A

to allow the stomach to expand and increase the surface area

61
Q

what type of muscle make up the stomach and a use of it?

A

smooth muscle which assists in the mechanical digestion

62
Q

3 ways the stomach digests food mechanically?

A

contraction of the stomach’s muscular portion
churning the food
increasing surface area by expanding the rugae

63
Q

what’s the acidic solution responsible for chemical digestion in the stomach?

A

gastric juice

64
Q

what secretes mucus in the stomach?

A

the mucus cells in lumen

65
Q

what is gastric juice composed of?

A

hydrochloric acid
electrolytes ( Na, K, Ca, S etc.)
organic molecules ( gastrin, pepsin, etc)

66
Q

ph of hydrochloric acid?

A

2

67
Q

function of hydrochloric acid?

A

break down connective tissues in food
kill bacteria
enables the absorption of vitamin B

68
Q

what is pepsinigin? and it’s use?

A

the unactivated from of pepsin, which is activated y hydrochloric acid. converts proteins into smaller polypeptide chains

69
Q

what the hormone secreted due to stretching of the stomach walls?

A

gastrin

70
Q

what secretes gastrin and what absorbs it?

A

secreted and absorbed by the stomach

71
Q

what does gastrin trigger?

A

the production and secretion of gastric juice

72
Q

how much time does food usually spend in the stomach?

A

2-6 h

73
Q

the valve at the bottom of the stomach?

A

pyloric sphincter. `

74
Q

the purpose of the pyloric sphincter?

A

repeatedly open and close to let small amounts of chyme out.

75
Q

how long is the small intestine and what’s it’s main objective?

A

6 meters
main objective is to absorb nutrients

76
Q

why is small intestine called that and not the long intestine?

A

because the small intestine’s DIAMETER is smaller than the long intestines.

77
Q

why is the intestine so long?

A

to ensure the food spends a long time in the stomach, enabling it to absorb the maximum amount of nutrients

78
Q

what can we achieve by increasing or decreasing the surface area?

A

we can control the rate an action take place.

79
Q

what structures increase the surface area in the stomach? (2 terms)

A

villi and micro villi

80
Q

where exactly are the villi located?

A

in the lumen of the small intestine

81
Q

what kind of tissue make up the villi’s?

A

epithelial tissue ( as it secretes hormones and stuff)

82
Q

what does the villi do in the process of digestion?

A

directly absorb the digested nutrients into the blood and the lymphatic system

83
Q

each villas has a capillary for ____ and a capillary for______

A

blood and lymphatic fluid ( lacteal)

84
Q

another name for lymphatic fluid?

A

lacteal

85
Q

what kinds of molecules directly enter the blood capillaries?

A

sugar and amino acids

86
Q

what kinds of molecules directly enter the lymphatic fluid capillaries?

A

glycerol and fatty acids packaged together as a lipoprotein.

87
Q

3 different sections in the small intestine in order?

A

duodenum
jejunum
ilium

88
Q

how long is the duodenum?

A

25 cm

89
Q

what’s considered the site of the common bile duct?

A

duodenum

90
Q

what kind of tissue does the ilium have and what’s its purpose?

A

lymphoid tissue called Peyer’s patches which regulate the presence of pathogenic bacteria in the lumen

91
Q
A

cell unit (6 decks)

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