Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

cell unit > cells :) > Flashcards

cells :) Flashcards

1
Q

where can we see prokaryotic cells and how complex are they?

A

seen in bacteria and archaea
very simple build-up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are 2 main types of cells?

A

prokaryotic
eukaryotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

where can we see eukaryotic cells and how complex are they?

A

seen in organisms like animals, plants, fungi and protists
very complex build-up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what’s the most important difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

the presence of membrane bound organelles and organized DNA molecules in eukaryotes and the lack of either in prokaryotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

describe what an organelle is

A

they are membrane bound structures that serve a specific purpose in the cells operation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

where is the plasma membrane?

A

around the structure of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the plasma membrane made out of?

A

a phospholipid bilayer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what the role of the protein attached molecules in the plasma membrane?

A

act as regulatory or sensory structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the structure of the plasma membrane and how is it after referred as?

A

a fluid structure
often described as : fluid-mosaic structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what’s the main purpose of the plasma membrane?

A

to contain the cells cytoplasm, organelles and regulate what enters and exits the cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the cytoplasm?

A

the ares that contains all other cell organelle except the nucleus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what’s the membrane that contains the nucleus called ?

A

nucleoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

how would you describe the texture of the cytoplasm and what is it made of?

A

gelatinous substance made up of cytosol and is 80% water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what’s the use of the cytoplasm?

A

suspend the organelles
acts as a medium in which molecules and organelles can be transported
maintain the structure of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does the nucleus function as within the cell

A

It functions as the command center

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the nucleus and where is it located?

A

Large organelle located near the center of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What’s enclosed within the nucleus?

A

The DNA ( condensed as chromatin ) that contains the genetic info to all the cell’s processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What’s the external membrane of the nucleus called?

A

The nuclear envelope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Where are nuclear pores located?

A

On the nuclear envelope ( external membrane of the nucleus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What’s the function of nuclear pores?

A

To allow entry and exit to molecules from and to the nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is a structure within the nucleus?

A

neucleous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what’s the use of the neucleous?

A

production ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
the assembling of the 2 ribosomal subunits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

expand the word SER

A

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is the endoplasmic reticulum and where is attached to?

A

a branching organelle attached to the exterior of the nucleus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is the ER made out of?

A

folded tunnel spaces called citernae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what are the tunnel like spaces in the ER’s used for?

A

as a transport system for the molecules produced within the organelle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

how do u identify the RER from the SER?

A

by the ribosomes that are studded

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what does the SER produce?

A

lipids and steroids.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what is the purpose of ribosomes?

A

producing the proteins required for the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what are ribosomes made out of?

A

rRNA and protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what does the protein in the ribosomes do?

A

act as the site where protein synthesis occur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

where do u find the ribosomes?

A

studded in the RER
and freely in the cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

polysomes?

A

groups of ribosomes making the same protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Golgi apparatus, aka?

A

Golgi body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what’s the use of the Golgi apparatus?

A

acts as a packaging plant of of the cell. it takes molecules form the ER’s and alter/package them for distribution inside and outside the cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what are the packaged molecules bound by?

A

by a membrane called vesicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what’s the membrane composition of the Golgi apparatus similar to?

A

the cell membrane, which allows fusion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

similarities between the Golgi apparatus and the ER’s?

A

similar shape
contain folds called cisternae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

structure of vesicles?

A

small membrane bound sacks composed of phospholipid bilayer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

what are vesicles used for?

A

to store and move the molecules within and towards the outside of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

4 types of vesicular structures?

A

vacuoles
lysosomes
transport vesicles
secretory vesicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

what is the function of vocules?

A

contain and store molecules (usually water)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

what is the function of lysosomes?

A

contain digestive enzymes used in the breaking down of molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

what is the function of secretary vesicles?

A

contain materials that needs to be excreted from the cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

what’s use of the mitochondria?

A

create energy within the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

how does the mitochondria create energy? and using what?

A

by cellular respiration
using oxygen and glucose to create ate, water and carbon dioxide as a waste product ( reverse of photosynthesis)

47
Q

the mitochondria has _ layers of membrane. and the folded inner area is called_.

A

2
cristae

48
Q

does mitochondria has the same DNA as the rest of the cell?

A

no

49
Q

are all organelles bound in membrane?

A

yes

50
Q

what is the cell membrane described as?

A

fluid mosaic

51
Q

why is the cell membrane described as fluid mosaic?

A

fluid - cuz individual proteins and phospholipids can drift laterally
mosaic - cuz it has different proteins and other molecules that could be seen to resemble a mosaic

52
Q

what’s the largest part of the bi-layer?

A

phospholipids

53
Q

what is a glyco lipid similar to? and what’s the single difference?

A

a phospholipid
it has a carbohydrate chain attached to the polar head

54
Q

what are glycoproteins?

A

proteins that have a carbohydrate chain bonded to them

55
Q

describe what cholesterol is, it’s percentage in an average animal cell membrane and it’s use.

A

a steroid
that makes up to 30% of the animal cell
restrain movements of the phospholipids and hinders close packing

56
Q

what are membrane proteins?

A

a general term for the other proteins that perform various functions needed for cell activity.

57
Q

what are the five types of cells you would find in the cellular membrane?

A

phospholipids
glycolipids
glycoproteins
cholesterol
membrane proteins

58
Q

what acts as identification tags in cells?

A

the carbohydrates attached to the glycolipids and glycoproteins

59
Q

4 functions membrane proteins perform? ( be specific)

A

cell recognition- using carbohydrate chains
transport - channel and carrier proteins allowing molecules or ions to move across the bi-layer
reception- binds to molecules according to their shape and the binding acts as a signal
enzymatic activity - catazyles a specific reaction

60
Q

how does cell recognition work?

A

using carbohydrate chains

61
Q

membrane proteins that act as receptors (explain )

A

binds to molecules according to their shape and the binding acts as a signal

62
Q

membrane proteins that transport (explain)

A

carrier and channel proteins allowing molecules or ions to move across the bi-layer

63
Q

membrane proteins that allow enzymatic activity (explain )

A

catalyzes a specific reaction

64
Q

most important function of the cell membrane

A

movement of molecules and ions through it

65
Q

2 types of movement across membrane

A

passive ( no energy needed )
active ( requires energy)

66
Q

3 types of passive transport?

A

diffusion
osmosis
facilitated transport

67
Q

is diffusion fast or slow and how can we increase it’s rate?

A

slow
by increasing temperature and/or pressure

68
Q

diffusion usually occur with what type of molecules?

A

lipids
soluble molecules
gases
alchohol

69
Q

what is osmosis?

A

water moving across the membrane

70
Q

what’s aqua-porous?

A

permeable ares of the membrane that are protein specific for water during osmosis

71
Q

what is facilitated transport?

A

molecules that are transported across the membrane with the help of proteins ( usually cuz it’s too big)

72
Q

2 types of facilitated transport proteins

A

channel
carrier

73
Q

channel proteins act as a channel for _, like ___.

A

ions
sodium, potassium, chlorine

74
Q

Can channel proteins open and close?

A

yes

75
Q

carrier vs channel proteins

A

transport specific molecules
transport ions

76
Q

carrier proteins usually transport?

A

fructose
glucose
galactose
nucleotides
amino acids

77
Q

do carrier proteins use ATP?

A

no, cuz they are passive transport

78
Q

why does active transport need energy and what is that energy?

A

cuz it goes against the concentration gradient
ATP

79
Q

what types of molecules use active transport ?

A

large molecules

80
Q

what happens in endocytosis?

A

the cell membrane formed a vesicle around the materials it wants to take in and merges with the vesicle.

81
Q

phagocytosis, explain

A

the process by which large materials like other cells are take inside the cell by forming a vesicle around it. visible at lower magnification

82
Q

pinocytosis, explain

A

large molecules are taken into the cell by forming a vesicle around it. visible at higher magnification

83
Q

receptor mediated endocytosis, explain

A

receptors at the surface are triggered by a specific molecule to form vesicle around the said molecules.

84
Q

which cells perform exocytosis?

A

hormones and digestive fluids

85
Q

3 types of endocytosis?

A

phagocytosis
pinocytosis
receptor mediated endocytosis

86
Q

ATP is produced in the body through?

A

Bio-chemical reactions

87
Q

the formula for ATP production (simplified) ?

A

sugar and oxygen form water, ATP and CO2

88
Q

3 stages by which we produce energy?

A

glycolysis
Krebs cycle
oxidative phosphorilation

89
Q

Krebs cycles is a.k.a?

A

citric acid cycle
Tricarboxylic acid cycle

90
Q

C6H12O6?

A

glucose
the carbohydrate when creating energy

91
Q

C3H403?

A

Pyruvate
glucose after it’s been cleaved in 2

92
Q

NADH?

A

nicotinamide adenine di-neucleotide
a co enzyme that acts as an electron carrier

93
Q

FADH?

A

Flavin adenine di-neucleotide
a co enzyme that acts as an electron carrier

94
Q

where does glycolysis occur?

A

in the cytosol of the cell

95
Q

what happen during glycolysis?

A

convert glucose molecules into pyruvate to produce 2 ATP molecules

96
Q

which of the 3 forms of energy production is anaerobic?

A

glycolysis

97
Q

what does glycolysis produce?

A

2 ATP molecules
NADH

98
Q

NADH is the reduced form of_

A

NADH+

99
Q

NADH will be used mostly during which stage of energy production?

A

oxidative phosphorylation

100
Q

Pyruvate is the _ form of _

A

oxidized form of acetyl

101
Q

when will acetyl be mostly used in?

A

during the Krebs cycle

102
Q

where does Krebs cycle take place?

A

within the mitochondria

103
Q

what happens to Pyruvate during Krebs cycle?

A

pyruvate turn into many intermediates before eventually forming CO2 and H2O

104
Q

what happens to NADH+ AND FADH+?

A

hydrogen is used to reduce them so they’ll carry electrons during oxidative phosphorylation

105
Q

what does Krebs cycle produce?

A

ATP
NADH
FADH2

106
Q

what’s the final stage of of cellular respiration?

A

oxidative phosphorylation

107
Q

what are the 2 sub stages during oxidative phosphorylation?

A

electron transport chain stage
Chemiosmosis

108
Q

what’s the matrix membrane of the mitochondria?

A

the innermost membrane

109
Q

what does the oxidative phosphorylation use during electron transport chain stage to generate energy?

A

the proteins embedded within the matrix membrane of the mitochondria

110
Q

what happens during electron transport chain stage ?

A

NADH and FADH2 carry electrons in a downhill manner where it ensured that the new stage is more electronegative than the last
this energy is used to pump hydrogen outside of the matrix to create a proton gradient, where concentration os higher outside the matrix than inside

111
Q

what happens during chemiosmosis?

A

the hydrogen ions naturally move from their new place of high concentration to low concentration inside the matrix.
to do that, they have to go through a channel protein called “ATP synthase”

112
Q

How dips ATP synthase create energy?

A

it acts as a turbine that is powered by the [assing hydrogen ions. as it “turns” it generates large amounts of ATP (32)

113
Q

the final amount of ATP created through cellular respiration is around?

A

36 - 40

114
Q

What is metabolism?

A

the sum of all chemical activities occurring inside a living cell.

cell unit (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions