Digestive System Flashcards
Mouth or oral cavity
Opening where food enters the body and undergoes the first process of digestion
Palate
The roof of the mouth separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity
Uvula or uvula of soft palate
Small piece of tissue that hangs in the posterior portion of the oral cavity
Tongue
Muscular organ at the floor of the mouth assist and swallowing and speaking
Teeth
Structure that provides the hard surfaces needed for chewing (mastication)
Salivary glands
Saliva secreting glands in the oral cavity include the paratoid, sublingual and submandibular glands
Saliva
Clear tasteless slightly acidic fluid that helps to lubricate food in the mouth
Pharynx or throat
Space behind the mouth that serves as a passage for food from the mouth to the esophagus and for air from the nose and mouth to the larynx
Esophagus
Muscular tube that moves food from the pharynx to the stomach
Stomach
Sack like organ in which chemical and mechanical digestion take place
Cardia
Region where the esophagus connects to the stomach
Fundus
Superior dome shaped region of the stomach
Body
Largest region of the stomach between the fundus and the pylorus
Lower esophageal sphincter (LES)
Ring of muscle between the esophagus and the stomach
Pyloric sphincter
Ring of muscle between the stomach and the first segment of the small intestine (duodenum)
Pylorus
Lower region of the stomach that connects to the small intestine
Rugae
Folds in the stomach lining that increase the surface area for absorption of nutrients
Small intestine
Section of digestive tube between the stomach and the CCM where most absorption of nutrients occurs
Duodenum
First segment of the small intestine
Jejunum
The middle segment of the small intestine
Ileum
The last segment of the small intestine that connects to the large intestine
Large intestine
Distal section of digestive tube extending from the small intestine to the anus where water and electrolytes are absorbed and waste are form ed
Cecum
First segment of large intestine
Appendix or vermiform appendix
Finger like projection of the cecum of the large intestine
Colon
Segment of the large intestine that extends from the cacum to the rectum and divided into four parts
Ascending colon
Segment of a large intestine on the right side between the cecum and the right colic flexure
Right colic flexure or hepatic flexture
The band of the colon between the ascending and transverse sections
Transverse colon
Segment of a large intestine between the ascending colon and ascending colon
Left colic flexure or left splenic flexure
The band of the colon between the transverse and descending sections
Descending colon
Segment of the large intestine on the left side between the left calic flexture and the sigmoid colon
Sigmoid colon
Terminal segment of the large intestine that joins with the rectum
Rectum
Extension of the large intestine a pouch that holds solid waste before elimination from the body
Anus
Opening at the end of the digestive track through which solid waste exits the body
Liver
Large glandular organ that produces and secretes bile into the gallbladder
Bile
Fluid that is secreted by the liver into the duodenum and aids and digestion of fats
Gallbladder
Sac shaped organ beneath the liver that stores bile secreted by the liver and releases and into the small intestine
Pancreas
Organ that secretes pancreatic juice (digestive enzymes) into the small intestine. It’s endocrine part in secretes insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream
Abdomin/o
Abdomen
Aliment/o
Nourishment or nutrition
An/o
Anus
Appendic/o
Appendix
Bil/o
Bile
Bucc/o
Cheek
Cec/o
Cecum
Cheil/o
Lip
Chol/o
Bile
Cholecyst/o
Gallbladder
Col/o or colon/o
Colon
Dent/o
Tooth
Duoden/o
Duodenum
Enter/o
Small intestine
Esophag/o
Esophagus
Diverticul/o
Diverticulum (pouch opening from a tubular organ)
Gastr/o
Stomach
Hemat/o or hem/o
Blood
Hepat/o
Liver
Herni/o
Hernia (protrusion)
Ile/o
Ileum
Jejun/o
Jejunum
Labi/o
Lip
Lapar/o
Abdomen
Lingu/o
Tongue
Lith/o
Stone or calculus
Don’t/o
Tooth
Or/o
Mouth
Palat/o
Palate
Pancreat/o
Pancreas
Peps/o
Digestion
Phag/o
Eat or swallow
Pharynx/o
Pharynx
Polyp/o
Polyp
Proct/o
Rectum or anus
Pylor/o
Pylorus
Rect/o
Rectum
Sial/o
Saliva
Sigmoid/o
Sigmoid colon
Stomat/o
Mouth
Endo-
In or within
Hyper-
Above or excessive
Peri-
Around or surrounding
Post-
After or behind
Retro-
Backward or behind
-algia
Pain
-ase
Enzyme
-cele
Herniation or protrusion
-centesis
Puncture to aspirate
-dynia
Pain
-emesis
Vomiting
-gen
Origin or production
-gram
Record or recording
-graphy
Technique of producing images
-iasis
Condition of
-logist
One who specializes in
-logy
Study of
-malacia
Softening
-megaly
Enlargement
-prandial
Meal
-ptosis
Prolapsed or drooping or sagging
-rrhaphy
Suture
-scope
Instrument for examination
-scopy
Viewing or examining with an instrument
-stenosis
Stricture or narrowing
-stomy
Surgical opening
-tomy
Incision
-tripsy
Crushing
Anorexia
Decrease in or loss of appetite
Bolus
Ball of chewed food that is ready to be swallowed
Chyme
Partially digested food that passes from the stomach into the duodenum
Defecation or bowel movement (BM)
Passage of solid waste (feces) from the body
Deglutition
The act of swallowing
Digestion
The mechanical, chemical and enzymatic process of breaking down food into substances the body can use
Eructation
The void of gas or acid fluid from the stomach through the mouth commonly called a burper a belch
Feces
Waste matter discharged from the bowels
Flatus
Guess that passes through the anus
Halitosis
Bad breath
Hematochezia
The passage of bloody stool
Inguinal
Relating to the groin
Mastication
Chewing
Melena
Black tari stools due to the presence of blood altered by intestinal juices
Nausea
Urge to vomit
Occult blood
Blood in the feces and amounts that are too small to be seen by the naked eye but detectable blood chemical tests
Peristalsis
Involuntary contraction and relaxation of smooth muscles of the GI tract creating wavelike movements that push substances along its length
Postprandial
After a meal
Vomit or regurgitate
To eject matter from the stomach through the mouth
Anorexia nervosa
Eating disorder characterized by an extreme fear of becoming obese and an adversion to eating
Ascites
Accumulation of fluid in the abdominal/peritoneal cavity
Cholecytitis
Inflammation of the gallbladder
Cholelithiasis
Presence of stones in the gallbladder bile ducts, formation of gallstones
Cirrhosis
Chronic liver disease characterize by gradual failure of liver cells and loss of blood flow in the liver
Constipation
Decreased number of bowel movements often associated with hard stools
Crohn disease or regional enteritis
Chronic intestinal inflammation of unknown cause that is characterized by deep ulcers and thickening of the intestine
Diarrhea
Abnormally frequent discharge of semi-solid or liquid feces
Diverticulitis
Inflammation of the diverticulum
Diverticulum
An abnormal pouch on the wall of a hollow organ that protrudes outwards
Dysentery
Infection of the intestines resulting in severe diarrhea containing blood and mucus
Dyspepsia
Indigestion or upset stomach
Dysphagia
Difficulty swallowing
Gastric ulcer
Sore on the stomach lining with inflammation
Gastroenteritis
Inflammation of the stomach and intestines
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
Backward flow of stomach acid into the esophagus
Hemorrhoids
Swollen varicose veins in the anal region may be internal or external
Hepatomegaly
Enlargement of the liver
Hiatal hernia
Protrusion of a part of the stomach through the esophageal hiatus (opening) in the diaphragm
Ileus
An obstruction of the intestine
Incontinence
Ability to prevent the discharge if he sees or urine
Intussusception
The siding (enfolding) of one section of the intestine into the adjacent section much like parts of a collapsible telescope
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) or spastic colon
Painful intestinal disease characterized by constipation alternating with diarrhea
Pancreatitis
Inflammation of the pancreas
Peptic ulcer or peptic ulcer disease (PUD)
Ulcer of the stomach or duodenum that is caused by gastric acid
Peritonitis
Inflammation of the peritoneal cavity
Polyp
Section of tissue that grows abnormally and protrudes from the surface
Polyposis
Condition characterized by the presence of several polyps
Pruritus ani
Itching around the opening of the anus
Ulcerative colitis
Painful condition in which ulcers form in the: and the rectum
Vulvulus
A twisting of the intestine that can cause obstruction
Occult blood test or hemoccult test
Screening test that detects hidden blood in feces. The amount of blood is too small to be seen but it’s detectable by chemical tests
Stool culture
Microscopic examination of feces for identification of possible pathogens
Abdominal ultrasound
You so sound waves to view digestive system organs/structures
Abdominocentesis or paracentesis?
Puncture into the abdomen to obtain fluid for culture or to relieve pressure
Barium enema (BE)
Use of contrast die to view the lower gastrointestinal tract
Cholecystogram
X-ray record of the gallbladder
Colonoscopy
Visual examination of the colon using a endoscope
Endoscopy
Visual examination of organ interior using an endoscope
Esophagogastroduodenoscopy
Visual examination of the esophagus stomach and duodenum usually using a fiberoptic endoscope
Flexible. Sigmoidoscope
Visual examination of the interior of the sigmoid column using a fiberoptic endoscope
Laparoscopy
Visual examination of the abdominopelvic cavity with a type of endoscope called a laparoscope
Proctoscopy
Visual examination of the rectum and anus with an endoscope
Upper gastrointestinal series (UGI) or barium swallow
Radiographic contrast (x-ray with contrast dyes) study of the esophagus stomach and duodenum
Abdominoperineal resection (APR)
Surgical removal of the colon and rectum by both abdominal and parental approaches includes a colaostomy and is performed to treat severe low oil intestinal disease, including cancer
Abdominoplasty
Surgical repair of the abdominal area
Anastomosis
A connection made surgically between two structures such as adjacent parts of the intestine
Appendectomy
Horror movie of the appendix
Bariatric surgery
Surgical removal of parts of the stomach and are intestines to induce weight loss
Gastric bypass surgery
Surgical procedure in which the stomach is divided into a small upper pouch and a larger lower pouch and then the small intestine is rearranged and connected to both pouches
Cholecystectomy
Removal of the gallbladder
Colethotripsy
Crushing of gallstones
Colostomy
Surgical construction of an artificial opening between the colon and the body exterior done to bypass a damaged part of the colon so the sites may vary
Gastrectomy
Removal of the stomach
Gastric lavage
Insertion of a tube from the mouth into the stomach to wash and suction out its contents for examination and treatment usually done to removal blood clots or monitor bleeding
Gastric resection
Removal of a section of the stomach
Gavage
Process of feeding a patient through nasogastric intubation
Glossorraphy
Suturing at the tongue
Herniorraphy
Suturing of a hernia
Ileostomy
Surgical construction of an artificial opening between the ileum and the body exterior done to bypass a damaged part of the ileum
Laparotomy
The surgical incision into the abdominal cavity
Nasogastric (NG) intubation
Insertion of a tube from the nose into the stomach for feeding or suctioning stomach contents
Palatoplasty
Surgical repair of the roof of the mouth
Polypectomy
Surgical removal of polyps
Total parenteral nutrition (TPN)
Feeding a person intravenously or buy a nasogastric tube
Antacid
Drug use to reduce stomach acid or neutralize acidity
Antidiarrheal
Drug used to treat or prevent diarrhea
Antiemetic
Drug use to treat or prevent nausea and vomiting
Emetic
Drug used to induce vomiting
Laxative or cathartic
Drug use to promote the expulsion of feces
Bariatrics
Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of obesity and allied diseases
Gastroenterology
Medical specialty concerned with diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the gastrointestinal tract
Gastroenterologist
Physician who specializes in gastroenterology
Proctology
Medical specialty concerned with diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the rectum and anus
Proctologist
Who specializes in proctology
