Digestive system Flashcards
what are the 7 main parts of the digestive system that food moves through
Mouth, Esophagus, Stomach, Small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus
what’s the function of the mouth, what’s the pH and what types of digestion occur there
To chew and add saliva to help digest carbohydrates
pH: 7
Mechanical and chemical
what’s the function of the esophagus and what types of digestion occur there
to move food from mouth to stomach by a process called peristalsis
mechanical
what’s the function of the stomach, what’s the pH, and what types of digestion occur there
mixes food with HCL as well as an enzyme that digests proteins
pH: 2
mechanical and chemical
what’s the function of the small intestine, what’s the pH, and what types of digestion occur there
enzymes from liver and pancreas end up here. they help digest carbs, fat, and proteins. absorption of nutrients also occurs here.
pH:7
chemical and absorption
what’s the function of the large intestine and what types of digestion occur there
water, minerals and vitamins are removed from waste and absorbed into bloodstream
absorption
what’s the function of the rectum and what types of digestion occur there
solid waste is stored here
NA
what’s the function of the anus and what types of digestion occur there
solid waste exits the body here
NA
what is dehydration synthesis
removing water from molecules to turn into polymers
define hydrolysis
adding h2o to a large molecule to break it down into monomers
where is the OH located on starch and cellulose
starch - bottom
cellulose - top
what are the monomers for starch and cellulose called
starch: glucose a
cellulose: glucose b
what are the differences between function and digestion for starch and cellulose
starch:
function: energy storage in plants
digestion: easy for heterotrophs to digest
cellulose:
function: cell wall structure in plants
digestion: difficult for heterotrophs to digest
what are the components of lipids
fatty acids and glycerol
what are the differences between saturated and unsaturated fats
saturated: long straight chain, most animal fats, solid at room temp, hard to break down, contribute to cardiovascular diseases
unsaturated: plant and fish fats, liquid at room temp, easy to break down
what are the functions of lipids in the human body
energy storage, body insulation
what’s the description of a primary protein
the sequence of amino acids in a peptide chain (polypeptide)
what is the description of a secondary protein
hydrogen bonding between close amino acids to form either a helix or a beta pleated sheet
what’s the description of a tertiary protein
interactions with more distant amino acids cause the structure to further fold on itself
what’s the description of a quaternary protein
when more than one polypeptide chain bonds together
what is the breakdown of a protein from polymer to monomer
polypeptides -> peptides -> amino acids
what is the definition of an enzyme
a protein that speeds up or catalyses a chemical reaction
how does an enzyme speed up a chemical reaction
it lowers the activation energy required for that reaction
define substrate
reactant which binds to enzyme
define active site
enzyme’s catalytic site; substrate fits into the active site
define product
end result of reaction
what are the two enzyme models and which one is more accurate
lock and key model
induced fit model - more accurate
what is the difference between the lock and key model and the induced fit model
lock and key - specific shape must fit into specific active site
induced fit - enzyme can slightly shift to cause a tighter fit
what are the enzyme activators and define them
cofactors - binds with enzyme molecule
coenzymes - binds to enzyme near active site
what are the enzyme inhibitors and define them
competitive - binds to active site preventing substrate from binding
non-competitive - behinds to a site other than active site (allosteric site) and changes the active site’s shape
what does denaturing mean and under what conditions does this happen
when enzymes are heated or placed in an environment with the wrong pH or too much salt it will cause their shape to change permanently
what is the break down of carbs from polymer to monomer
polysaccharide -> disaccharide -> monosaccharide
what is the break down of lipids from polymer to monomer
fat globules -> fat droplets -> glycerol and fatty acids
what is the break down of nucleic acids from polymer to monomer
nucleic acids -> nucleotide-> sugar, phosphate, and nitrogen base
how does the stomach do physical digestion
churning
what is gastric juice made up of
water, salts, HCL, mucous, and enzymes
what protects the stomach lining from the HCL in the stomach
mucous
what organ is affected by ulcers and how are they caused and how can they be cured
stomach
affected by bacteria known as helicobacter pylori
cured by anitbiotics
what is absorbed in the stomach
water, salts, medicine, alcohol
what is the function of the pancreas
release digestive enzymes into the small intestine
what substances are released by the pancreas and what are their functions
trypsin and chymotrypsin - digest protein
pancreatic amylase - digest starch
lipase - digest lipids
bicarbonate - neutralize chyme coming from stomach
what does the stomach digest and what does it release to do this
protein - pepsin
what is the function of the liver
produce bile
what does bile do and what is the term for this
bile contains bile salts that physically digest fat globules into smaller fat droplets - process called emulsification
what does the gall bladder do
stores bile
what increases the surface area of the small intestine and why does it do this
villi and microvilli- does this to maximize absorption
where is the chyme mixed w bile and enzymes in the small intestine
duodenum
what do bacteria in the large intestine do
produce vitamin B12, vitamin K, and amino acids
where are bacteria present in digestive system
stomach, large intestine
what is the role of HCL in stomach
kill bacteria, activates pepsin by lowering pH
what are the 3 parts of small intestine
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
where do each of the macromolecules get absorbed into
protein, carbs, nucleic acids -> bloodstream
lipids -> lymph vessels
what is peristalsis, where does it occur, and how does it aid digestion
the movement of food through the digestive tracts
esophagus, small intestine, large intestine
causes physical digestion to occur
what elements are a protein made up of
hydrogen, nitrogen, carbon, oxygen
what elements are a carbohydrate made up of
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
what elements are a lipid made up of
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
what elements are a nucleic acid made up of
nitrogen, carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, phosphorus
