Chapter 5 Flashcards
Be able to label lead anatomy on page 321 of textbook
Did u do it?
What pathways do CO2, O2, H2O, and sugar move through
CO2: moves in through the stoma
O2: moves out through stoma
H2O: xylem moves it in one direction, roots to leaves
Sugar: phloem moves it both up and down the plant
Is photosynthesis and cell resp anabolic or catabolic
Photosynthesis- anabolic
Cell resp - catabolic
Is photosynthesis and cell resp endergonic or exergonic
Photosynthesis- endergonic
Cell resp - exergonic
What ATP reaction occurs for photosynthesis and cell resp
Photosynthesis: ADP + Pi -> ATP
Cell resp: ATP -> ADP + Pi
What is the location of reaction for photosynthesis and cell resp
Photosynthesis: in chloroplast
Cell resp: in mitochondria
Define anabolic
Synthesis of larger molecules from smaller molecules
Define catabolic
Breaks down larger molecules into smaller ones
Define endergonic
Absorbs energy during the reaction creating a product with more energy than the reactants
Define exergonic
Releases energy during the reaction where the reactants had more stored energy than the products
Define ATP and state what it stands for
The energy currency in a cell
Adenosine triphosphate
What does free/available energy allow us to do
- Have very organized and ordered bodies
- Grow
- Reproduce
- Maintain homeostasis
- Have energy storage
Define metabolism and list 2 things that increase and 2 things that decrease metabolism
How quickly the body turns food into energy
Increase - eat certain foods, exercise
Decrease - age, dehydration
List 3 facts about chloroplasts
- Thylakoid discs are ordered in grana stacks
- Thylakoid discs contain chlorophyll
- The stroma is the fluid-filled interior of the chloroplast organelle
List 3 facts about mitochondria
- The cristae are the folds within the inner membrane
- The matrix is the space enclosed by the inner membrane
- The mitochondria is responsible for ATP synthesis
Define oxidation
The loss of an electron
Define reduction
The gain of an electron
All compounds have more energy in their (oxidized/reduced) form
Reduced
Oxidations and reductions occur (independently/simultaneously) of eachother
Simultaneously
How do objects show colours
They absorb every other color and reflect the color we see
What does the absorption spectrum show
The colours (wavelengths) of light being absorbed by each pigment.
What does the action spectrum show
The rate at which O2 is produced during photosynthesis
What is chromatography
The technique used to identify and separate mixtures
What is the unit for chromatography and how do you calculate it
Retention factor
Rf = (distance from the starting line to center of pigment spot) / (distance from the starting line to the end of the solvent front)
What’s the equation for cell resp
C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
What are the 4 steps in cell resp
- Glycolysis
- Kreb’s cycle prep
- Kreb’s cycle
- Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative Phosphorylation
What is the location of Glycolysis
Cytosol (cytoplasm)
What is the process of glycolysis
- Glucose gains energy from ATP and the ATP is oxidized into ADP
- Glucose turns into fructose diphosphate and separates into 2 3 atom molecules (PGALs)
- The hydrogen from the PGALs turns NAD+ into NADH and the e- turns ADP into ATP
- Finally it ends off as pyruvic acid (pyruvate)
What is the location of Kreb’s Cycle Preperation
From cytosol to matrix of mitochondria
What is the equation for Kreb’s cycle prep
C3H4O3 + CoA — NAD+ ~> NADH —> C2H3O-CoA + CO2
Pyruvate + CoA -> acetyl CoA + carbon dioxide
How many times must the Kreb’s cycle prep happen
Twice
Once for each pyruvate molecule
What is the function of CoA
Enzyme that helps pyruvate enter the mitochondria
What happens to the CO2 in the Kreb’s cycle prep
Breath it out
Waste
where does the kreb’s cycle occur
in the matrix
how does the Kreb’s cycle work
starts off with a four-carbon starting molecule and the two-carbon acetyl CoA is added to it to make a 6 carbon molecule
through the cycle it loses those C as CO2 that is breathed out and in the process it also creates high energy molecules such as NADH, ATP, and FADH2
in the end what is left is the 4-carbon starting molecule
how many times must the kreb’s cycle go around
twice
once for each molecule of acetyl CoA
Is cellular respiration the oxidation or reduction of glucose?
oxidation
is glycolysis aerobic or anaerobic
anaerobic bc there is no o2 present in any form in its process
where does the calvin-benson cycle occur
the stroma
how does the calvin-benson cycle work
CO2 molecule enters and uses the energy from oxidizing ATP and NADPH to ADP and NAD+ to produce glucose.
is the calvin-benson cycle light dependant or independent
light independent
how does the electron transport system work on cell resp
NADH and FADH2 is oxidized into NAD+ and FAD and the energy from that moved hydrogen from the matrix into the inter-membrane space of the mitochondria.
the e- are then accepted by O2 (the final e-) acceptor. the o2 then reacts with H+ to produce water vapour that’s breathed out.
then the hydrogen moving back into the matrix, along with ATP synthase, reduces ADP into ATP (chemiosmosis)
how much ATP is made from glycolysis
2
how much ATP is made from all of cell
resp
36
how much NADH is made from the kreb’s cycle
6
what does anaerobic mean
o2 is absent
define aerobic
o2 is present
define chemosynthesis
capture free energy from small inorganic molecules present in their environment
what does chemosynthesis produce instead of water and what acts as the final e- acceptors
produces: sulfur, nitrite, nitrogen, and methane
final e- acceptors: sulfate, nitrate, and CO2
what is the anaerobic problem
anaerobic organisms make their energy with glycolysis but eventually run out of NAD+
what is ATP used for in cell resp
growth, reproduction, order, homeostasis
what are the 2 anaerobic solutions
lactate fermentation, alcohol fermentation
what is lactate fermentation, where does it occur, what’s the problem with it, and what’s the solution for it
pyruvate is turned into lactate/lactic acid which requires e- from oxidizing NADH
occurs in muscle cells
problem: lactic acid builds up and causes muscle cramps
solution: heavy breathing (brings o2 back into muscles)
what is alcohol fermentation, who uses it, and how do humans take advantage of it
convert pyruvate into ethanol using e- from oxidizing NADH which releases CO2
yeast and other bacteria use it
humans take advantage of this for making bread and alcoholic drinks
