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Bio 20 > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Be able to label lead anatomy on page 321 of textbook

A

Did u do it?

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2
Q

What pathways do CO2, O2, H2O, and sugar move through

A

CO2: moves in through the stoma
O2: moves out through stoma
H2O: xylem moves it in one direction, roots to leaves
Sugar: phloem moves it both up and down the plant

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3
Q

Is photosynthesis and cell resp anabolic or catabolic

A

Photosynthesis- anabolic
Cell resp - catabolic

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4
Q

Is photosynthesis and cell resp endergonic or exergonic

A

Photosynthesis- endergonic
Cell resp - exergonic

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5
Q

What ATP reaction occurs for photosynthesis and cell resp

A

Photosynthesis: ADP + Pi -> ATP
Cell resp: ATP -> ADP + Pi

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6
Q

What is the location of reaction for photosynthesis and cell resp

A

Photosynthesis: in chloroplast
Cell resp: in mitochondria

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7
Q

Define anabolic

A

Synthesis of larger molecules from smaller molecules

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8
Q

Define catabolic

A

Breaks down larger molecules into smaller ones

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9
Q

Define endergonic

A

Absorbs energy during the reaction creating a product with more energy than the reactants

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10
Q

Define exergonic

A

Releases energy during the reaction where the reactants had more stored energy than the products

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11
Q

Define ATP and state what it stands for

A

The energy currency in a cell

Adenosine triphosphate

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12
Q

What does free/available energy allow us to do

A
  1. Have very organized and ordered bodies
  2. Grow
  3. Reproduce
  4. Maintain homeostasis
  5. Have energy storage
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13
Q

Define metabolism and list 2 things that increase and 2 things that decrease metabolism

A

How quickly the body turns food into energy

Increase - eat certain foods, exercise
Decrease - age, dehydration

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14
Q

List 3 facts about chloroplasts

A
  1. Thylakoid discs are ordered in grana stacks
  2. Thylakoid discs contain chlorophyll
  3. The stroma is the fluid-filled interior of the chloroplast organelle
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15
Q

List 3 facts about mitochondria

A
  1. The cristae are the folds within the inner membrane
  2. The matrix is the space enclosed by the inner membrane
  3. The mitochondria is responsible for ATP synthesis
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16
Q

Define oxidation

A

The loss of an electron

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17
Q

Define reduction

A

The gain of an electron

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18
Q

All compounds have more energy in their (oxidized/reduced) form

A

Reduced

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19
Q

Oxidations and reductions occur (independently/simultaneously) of eachother

A

Simultaneously

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20
Q

How do objects show colours

A

They absorb every other color and reflect the color we see

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21
Q

What does the absorption spectrum show

A

The colours (wavelengths) of light being absorbed by each pigment.

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22
Q

What does the action spectrum show

A

The rate at which O2 is produced during photosynthesis

23
Q

What is chromatography

A

The technique used to identify and separate mixtures

24
Q

What is the unit for chromatography and how do you calculate it

A

Retention factor

Rf = (distance from the starting line to center of pigment spot) / (distance from the starting line to the end of the solvent front)

25
Q

What’s the equation for cell resp

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

26
Q

What are the 4 steps in cell resp

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Kreb’s cycle prep
  3. Kreb’s cycle
  4. Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative Phosphorylation
27
Q

What is the location of Glycolysis

A

Cytosol (cytoplasm)

28
Q

What is the process of glycolysis

A
  1. Glucose gains energy from ATP and the ATP is oxidized into ADP
  2. Glucose turns into fructose diphosphate and separates into 2 3 atom molecules (PGALs)
  3. The hydrogen from the PGALs turns NAD+ into NADH and the e- turns ADP into ATP
  4. Finally it ends off as pyruvic acid (pyruvate)
29
Q

What is the location of Kreb’s Cycle Preperation

A

From cytosol to matrix of mitochondria

30
Q

What is the equation for Kreb’s cycle prep

A

C3H4O3 + CoA — NAD+ ~> NADH —> C2H3O-CoA + CO2

Pyruvate + CoA -> acetyl CoA + carbon dioxide

31
Q

How many times must the Kreb’s cycle prep happen

A

Twice

Once for each pyruvate molecule

32
Q

What is the function of CoA

A

Enzyme that helps pyruvate enter the mitochondria

33
Q

What happens to the CO2 in the Kreb’s cycle prep

A

Breath it out

Waste

34
Q

where does the kreb’s cycle occur

A

in the matrix

35
Q

how does the Kreb’s cycle work

A

starts off with a four-carbon starting molecule and the two-carbon acetyl CoA is added to it to make a 6 carbon molecule

through the cycle it loses those C as CO2 that is breathed out and in the process it also creates high energy molecules such as NADH, ATP, and FADH2

in the end what is left is the 4-carbon starting molecule

36
Q

how many times must the kreb’s cycle go around

A

twice

once for each molecule of acetyl CoA

37
Q

Is cellular respiration the oxidation or reduction of glucose?

A

oxidation

38
Q

is glycolysis aerobic or anaerobic

A

anaerobic bc there is no o2 present in any form in its process

39
Q

where does the calvin-benson cycle occur

A

the stroma

40
Q

how does the calvin-benson cycle work

A

CO2 molecule enters and uses the energy from oxidizing ATP and NADPH to ADP and NAD+ to produce glucose.

41
Q

is the calvin-benson cycle light dependant or independent

A

light independent

42
Q

how does the electron transport system work on cell resp

A

NADH and FADH2 is oxidized into NAD+ and FAD and the energy from that moved hydrogen from the matrix into the inter-membrane space of the mitochondria.

the e- are then accepted by O2 (the final e-) acceptor. the o2 then reacts with H+ to produce water vapour that’s breathed out.

then the hydrogen moving back into the matrix, along with ATP synthase, reduces ADP into ATP (chemiosmosis)

43
Q

how much ATP is made from glycolysis

A

2

44
Q

how much ATP is made from all of cell
resp

A

36

45
Q

how much NADH is made from the kreb’s cycle

A

6

46
Q

what does anaerobic mean

A

o2 is absent

47
Q

define aerobic

A

o2 is present

48
Q

define chemosynthesis

A

capture free energy from small inorganic molecules present in their environment

49
Q

what does chemosynthesis produce instead of water and what acts as the final e- acceptors

A

produces: sulfur, nitrite, nitrogen, and methane

final e- acceptors: sulfate, nitrate, and CO2

50
Q

what is the anaerobic problem

A

anaerobic organisms make their energy with glycolysis but eventually run out of NAD+

51
Q

what is ATP used for in cell resp

A

growth, reproduction, order, homeostasis

52
Q

what are the 2 anaerobic solutions

A

lactate fermentation, alcohol fermentation

53
Q

what is lactate fermentation, where does it occur, what’s the problem with it, and what’s the solution for it

A

pyruvate is turned into lactate/lactic acid which requires e- from oxidizing NADH

occurs in muscle cells

problem: lactic acid builds up and causes muscle cramps

solution: heavy breathing (brings o2 back into muscles)

54
Q

what is alcohol fermentation, who uses it, and how do humans take advantage of it

A

convert pyruvate into ethanol using e- from oxidizing NADH which releases CO2

yeast and other bacteria use it

humans take advantage of this for making bread and alcoholic drinks

Bio 20 (15 decks)

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