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A&P2 > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

What is digestion?

A

The mechanical and chemical break down of foods into forms the cell membranes can absorb

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2
Q

What does the digestive system consist of?

A

Alimentary canal and accessory organs

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3
Q

What does the alimentary canal consist of?

A

Consist of organs from the mouth to the anus

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4
Q

What type of accessory organs does the digestive system consist of?

A

Organs that empty secretions into the alimentary canal; food doesn’t pass through them

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5
Q

What 2 cavities does the alimentary canal pass through?

A

Thoracic and abdominopelvic

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6
Q

What 4 layers make up the alimentary canal walls, from innermost to outermost?

A

Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis and serosa

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7
Q

Which of the layers of the alimentary canal wall transports absorbed food molecules?

A

Submucosa

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8
Q

What are the 2 types of movements in the alimentary canal?

A

Mixing and propelling

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9
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

Ring of contractions progressing down the tube, propels food particles down the tract

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10
Q

What type of movement happens when rhythmical contractions occur in small sections in the muscle, and it does not move the food in one direction?

A

Mixing movements

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11
Q

What type of movement is peristalsis considered? And why?

A

Propelling movements because it moves food in one direction

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12
Q

How do parasympathetic impulses control digestive activity?

A

Increase activities of digestive system(secretion and motility)

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13
Q

What is the first part of the alimentary canal?

A

Mouth

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14
Q

What is mastication?

A

The mechanical break down of solid particles, and mixes them with saliva

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15
Q

What organ functions as the an organ of speech and sensory reception?

A

Mouth

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16
Q

What does the cheeks form?

A

Form the lateral walls of the mouth

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17
Q

What contains muscles for facial expression and chewing?

A

Cheeks

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18
Q

What portions does the palate consist of?

A

Hard and soft palate

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19
Q

What are the lymphatic masses on the side of the tongue?

A

Palatine tonsils

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20
Q

What are adenoids?

A

Pharyngeal tonsils; masses of lymphatic tissue in posterior wall of pharynx

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21
Q

What begins mechanical digestion?

A

Teeth

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22
Q

What are the incisor teeth used for?

A

Biting

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23
Q

What teeth help with grasping and tearing?

A

Canines

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24
Q

What do molars and premolars help with?

A

Grinding

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25
Q

What covers the crown of teeth?

A

Enamel

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26
Q

What makes up most of the tooth and surrounds pulp cavity?

A

Dentin

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27
Q

___________ holds root in place, along with ___________.

A

Periodontal ligament; cementum

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28
Q

What do the salivary glands secrete?

A

Saliva

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29
Q

What are the functions of saliva?

A

Helps moisten food particles and binds them together, and dissolves food so it can be tasted

30
Q

What are the 3 pairs of major salivary glands?

A

Parotid glands, submandibular glands, and sublingual glands

31
Q

What is the largest salivary gland and what does it secrete?

A

Parotid gland; secretes serous saliva with amylase

32
Q

Where are the submandibular glands located and what do they secrete?

A

Floor of the mouth; secretes serous and mucous

33
Q

What gland is located under the tongue and mainly secretes mucous?

A

Sublingual glands

34
Q

What is the saliva made up of?

A

Enzymes and bicarbonate ions

35
Q

What 2 types of secretory cells do salivary glands secrete?

A

Serous cells and mucous cells

36
Q

What is salivary amylase?

A

Watery fluid containing a digestive enzyme

37
Q

What organs have muscular walls, which function in swallowing and do help in food digestion?

A

Pharynx and esophagus

38
Q

What organ extends from the nasal cavity to the esophagus?

A

Pharynx

39
Q

What are the parts of the pharynx?

A

Nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

40
Q

What tubular organ extends from the pharynx to the stomach?

A

Esophagus

41
Q

What does amylase do?

A

It splits starch and glycogen into disaccharides

42
Q

What is the purpose of mucus?

A

Mucus binds food particles and lubricates food while swallowing

43
Q

What are the 3 stages of swallowing?

A

First, second and third stage

44
Q

What is the first stage of swallowing?

A

Saliva is mixed with chewed food, forming a bolus

45
Q

What is the second stage of swallowing?

A

Starts as good reaches oropharynx, stimulates sensory receptors and triggers swallowing reflexes

46
Q

What protects the nasal cavity from food when swallowing and how?

A

The soft palate and uvula rise

47
Q

The ________ closes off top of the larynx, to protect trachea.

A

Epiglottis

48
Q

What happens in the third stage of swallowing?

A

Peristalsis transports food in the esophagus to the stomach

49
Q

What is another name for esophageal sphincter and what does it do?

A

Cardiac sphincter and regulates food passage into stomach, and closes to prevent regurgitation of food

50
Q

In what quadrant of the abdominal cavity is the stomach?

A

Left upper quadrant

51
Q

What are the four parts of the stomach?

A

Cardia, fundus, body, pylorus

52
Q

Describe the cardia of the stomach?

A

Region near opening of esophagus, contains lower esophageal sphincter

53
Q

Describe the fundus of the stomach

A

Rounded area that rises above the cardia. It is a temporary food storage that sometime contains swallowed air.

54
Q

What is the main portion of the stomach called? And where is it located?

A

The body, it lies between the fundus and the pylorus

55
Q

Describe the pylorus of the stomach.

A

Distal portion, closest to the small intestine

56
Q

What is the purpose of the pyloric sphincter?

A

Controls gastric emptying

57
Q

What are the components of gastric juice?

A

Pepsinogen, pepsin, gastric lipase, hydrochloric acid, mucus, and instrinsic factors

58
Q

Sympathetic impulses _________ gastric activity, while parasympathetic impulses ___________ gastric activity.

A

Decrease, increase

59
Q

What is the purpose of gastric?

A

Increase gastric juice secretion

60
Q

What hormonal regulation decreases gastric motility?

A

Cholecystokinin(CCK)

61
Q

What hormone releases bile?

A

Cholecystokinin(CCK)

62
Q

What helps absorb fat-soluble vitamins?

A

Bile

63
Q

What hormone helps enhance appetite by increase secretion of Neuropeptide Y?

A

Grehlin

64
Q

What hormone is secreted by adipocytes to suppress appetite?

A

Leptin

65
Q

What are fat-soluble vitamins?

A

Vitamins A, D, E, and K

66
Q

What are water-soluble vitamins?

A

Vitamins B and C

67
Q

What the food restrictions for vegans?

A

no animal foods

68
Q

What are ovo-vegetarians allowed to eat?

A

Eggs are allowed, but no dairy or meat

69
Q

What are semi vegetarian allowed to eat?

A

Dairy, eggs, chicken and fish but no other meat is allowed

70
Q

What is the cause of marasmus?

A

due to lack of calories and protein

71
Q

What nutritional disorder is caused by protein starvation?

A

Kwashiorkor

A&P2 (4 decks)

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