Chapter 23 and 24 Flashcards
What does GTPAL stand for?
Gravidity, term, preterm, abortion and living
What does complete dominance mean?
Dominant trait completely masks the recessive trait
What does incomplete dominance mean?
Dominant trait doesn’t completely mask the recessive trait but instead slightly reveals it
What does codominance mean?
2 dominant traits can both reveal themselves
What type of dominance is shown in this example, red [CrCr] + white [CwCw] flower = pink [CrCw] flower?
incomplete dominance
What type of dominance is shown in the example, Brown cow [CbCb] + White cow [CwCw] = A brown and white spotted cow?
codominance
What is Naegele rule used for?
Predicting a due date
How to use Naegele rule to predict due date?
Take LMP and add 7 days, and minus 3 months.
What would the due date be using Naegele rule, LMP 07/21/2022?
April 28, 2023
What are punnett squares used for?
to predict percentage of offspring with certain alleles
Which chromosomes are considered autosomal?
1-22 paired chromosomes
What is a type of autosomal dominant disorder?
Huntingtons
What is a autosomal dominant disorder?
Offspring will inherit the disorder even if only one allele is inherited because it is dominant
What is a type of autosomal recessive disorder?
Cystic fibrosis
How would a autosomal recessive disorder be inherited?
Both parents will pass on the gene but most of the time symptoms are not present
What are 2 types of aneuploidy?
Euploid and Aneuploid
What does euploid mean?
normal # of chromosomes
What does aneuploid mean?
chromosomes are either missing or an extra
What are the 2 types of aneuploid?
monosomy and trisomy
What is an example of monosomy?
Turner’s syndrome (XO) sex chromosome disorder causing webbed neck feature
What is an example of trisomy?
Edwards: (18th chromosome)
Pataus: (13th chromosome)
Downs: ( 21st chromosome)
Where do sex chromosome disorders take place?
23rd chromosome set
What is another name for superman syndrome?
Jacob’s syndorme (XYY) - extra maleness
What is the name for disorder causing XXY?
Kleinfelters
What is the name for the disorder causing XXX?
superwoman
What is turner’s syndrome?
XO, female missing an x chromosome and causing webbed neck features
What is polyploidy?
Have entire extra set of chromosomes (69 chromosomes)
What is the importance of the corpus luteum?
provides progesterone and some estrogen to help the endometrium to prepare for pregnancy
What are the layers of gastrulation?
ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm
What does the ectoderm form?
Nervous system, some special sensory organs, epidermis, hair, nails, skin glands, linings of mouth and anal canal
What does the mesoderm form?
Muscle tissue, bone tissue, blood, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, internal reproductive organs, kidneys and epithelial lining of body cavities
What does the endoderm form?
internal organs- pancreas, gallbladder, linings of digestive tract, respiratory tract, urinary bladder and urethra
What are teratogens?
factors causing malformation during granulation stage
How long is the pre-embryonic stage?
fertilization to 2 weeks
What occurs in the pre-embryonic stage?
Zygote forms, cleavage stage: blastomere cells divide, morula forms and moves to the uterus, blastocyst attach to the endometrium. Produces hCG which maintains the corpus luteum during pregnancy until the placenta forms and takes over hormone production
How long is the embryonic stage?
3 weeks to 8 weeks
How long is the fetal stage?
9 weeks to birth
How many umbilical veins and arteries are there?
1 umbilical vein and 2 umbilical arteries
Who helps bypass the liver in fetal circulation?
Ductus Venosus
Where does the ductus arteriosus by pass?
By passes the lungs from the pulmonary trunk
Who helps by pass the right ventricle?
Foramen ovale
What organ is the first to develop in a fetus?
Heart
What are the 4 stages of birth?
1st stage: Baby gets in position with the head down
2nd stage: Amniotic sac ruptures. cervix becomes thin and stretches. uterine and vagina stretching start positive feedback with contractions. Oxytocin is being released
3rd stage: contractions help push the baby out
4th stage: placenta is delivered
How long is the neonatal stage?
birth to 4 weeks
how long is the infancy stage?
5 weeks to the 1st year
how long is the childhood stage?
1 year to before puberty
how long is the adolescence stage?
Puberty to adulthood (20s)
How long is adulthood?
20s to death
What is senescence?
process of growing old, cell division declines
What are the 2 dying processes?
preactive and active
What is preactive dying?
May take up to 3 months
What is active dying?
Showing actual signs of dying.
What is growth?
increase in size (increase in cells)
What is development?
Getting to one stage from another. (changes in life)
What are the 2 stages of development?
Prenatal and postnatal
What does the acrosomal cap do?
Helps sperm break down the corona radiata and zona pellucida to fertilize
How does implantation occur?
attachment of blastocyst to uterine lining
What are genetics?
inheritance of characteristics
What are genes?
Specific proteins of DNA sequence
What is a genome?
Instructions for a complete set of a genetics (characterics)
What is a exome?
Protein coding in genome
What is a karyotype?
“blueprint” of chromosomes
What is a genotype?
Combination of alleles for particular genes
What is a phenotype?
Physical appearance of a trait
