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anatomy > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

The digestive system includes…

A
  • Oral Cavity
  • Pharynx
  • Esophagus
  • Stomach
  • Small Intestine
  • Large Intestine
  • Rectum
  • Anal Canal
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2
Q

The oral cavity includes…

A
  • Teeth
  • Tongue
  • Salivary Glands
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3
Q

The intestinal area also include…

A
  • Liver
  • Gallbladder
  • Pancreas
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4
Q

Digestive processes

A
  • Propulsion/Motility
  • Digestion
  • Absorption
  • Elimination
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5
Q

Propulsion

A
  • Peristalsis
  • Swallowing
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6
Q

Digestion

A

Mechanical
-Chewing
-Churning (stomach)
-Segmentation
Chemical

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7
Q

Identify 1-4

A

1- Hard palate

2- Palatoglossal arch

3- Palatopharyngeal arch

4- Soft palate

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8
Q

Identify 1-6

A

1- Uvula

2- Fauces

3- Tongue

4- Lingual frenulum

5- Gingivae

6- Vestibule

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9
Q

Identify 1-8

A

1- Vestibule

2- Gingiva

3- Hard palate

4- Palatoglossal arch

5- Soft palate

6- Uvula

7- Fauces

8- Palatopharyngeal arch

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10
Q

Teeth

A

The hardest substance in the body (made with calcium phosphate)

Contains pulp

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11
Q

Pulp consists of…

A

nerves, blood vessels and soft connective tissue

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12
Q

Identify 1-7

A

1- enamel

2- gingiva

3- dentin

4 - pulp cavity

5- root canal

6- cementum

7- periodontal ligaments

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13
Q

Identify 1-3

A

1- Crown

2- Neck

3- Root

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14
Q

How many teeth do children have? Adults?

A

20

32

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15
Q

1-4 bitches

A

1- (3) molars

2- (2) bicuspids

3- (1) cuspid

4- (2) incisors

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16
Q

Papillae - what are they? located where?

A

where taste buds are located

on tongue

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17
Q

Label 1-3

A

1- sublingual salivary gland

2- submandibular salivary gland

3- parotid salivary gland

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18
Q

Saliva has what in it to help with digestion?

A

Mucins, electrolytes, antibodies, enzymes

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19
Q

What enzymes are in saliva? What do they do?

A

Salivary amylase- begins chemical digestion of complex carbohydrates

lingual lipase- begins chemical digestion of triglcerides

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20
Q

1-5 :)

A

1- mucosa

2- submucosa

3- muscularis externa

4- serosa

5- lumen

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21
Q

Label the parts of the mucosa

A

1- epithelium

2- lamina propria

3- muscularis mucosae

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22
Q

1-4 (parts of the muscularis externa)

A

1- longitudinal

2- circular

3- longitudinal

4- circular

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23
Q

what are the circled things called and what layer are they in?

A
  • glands in submucosa
  • submucosa
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24
Q

1-4 of serosa

A

1- epithelium / visceral peritoneum

2- connective tissue

3- epithelium / visceral peritoneum

4- connective tissue

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25
Q

what is the esophagus?

A

A muscular tube leading from the mouth to the stomach. DOES NOT contribute to digestion on its own (all about propulsion/motility)

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26
Q

What is the esophagus involved in?

A

movement of food mass - involves waves of muscular contraction called peristalsis

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27
Q

1-4 What is this a picture of?

A

1- mucosa

2- submucosa

3- muscularis externa

4- adventitia (fibrous connective tissue)

esophagus

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28
Q

How is the entrance and exit of stuff regulated by the esophagus?

A

Sphincters

Upper esophageal sphincter

Lower esophageal sphincter

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29
Q

What is GERD

A

when the lower esophageal sphincter doesn’t close all of the way and stomach acid comes back up into esophagus

30
Q

What are mesenteries?

A

folds of the peritoneum that support and stabilize organs, hold fat, and provide a route for blood vessels

31
Q

what is the greater omentum?

A

a large superficial mesentery that hangs down over many abdominal organs like an apron

32
Q

Label F,C,B,P

A

F- fundus

C- cardia

B- body

P- pylorus

33
Q

Label 1-5

A

1- longitudinal muscle

2- circular muscle

3- oblique muscle

4- lesser curvature

5- greater curvature

34
Q

Label 1-3

A

1- lower esophageal sphincter

2- pyloric sphincter

3- rugae

35
Q

1-4

A

1- mucosa

2- submucosa

3- muscularis externa

4- serosa

36
Q

1-4 b words

A

1- gastric pit

2- epithelium

3- lamina propria

4- gastric gland

37
Q

what do secretions mix together to make?

A

Chyme

38
Q

1-4

A

1- surface mucus cells

2- parietal cells

3- chief cells

4- enteroendocrine cells

39
Q

what do surface mucus cells do?

A

secrete a think alkaline mucus that protects the mucosa from the acidic environment inside the stomach

40
Q

what do parietal cells do?

A

Secrete hydrochloric acid (kills
microorganisms in swallowed food,
denatures proteins) and intrinsic intrinsic
factor (necessary for the absorption
of Vitamin B12 in the small
intestines)

41
Q

what do chief cells do?

A

Secrete pepsinogen, a precursor to
the enzyme pepsin –> breaks proteins
down into smaller pieces

42
Q

what do enteroendocrine cells do?

A

Secrete gastrin, somatostatin, histamine and several other paracrine and endocrine hormones

43
Q

What are the digestive functions of the stomach?

A

Chemical breakdown of proteins begins

  • HCl acid denatures (unravels) long proteins
  • Pepsin chops ‘em into smaller pieces

Almost no absorption of nutrients occurs in the stomach

  • No major organic molecules absorbed across the mucosal epithelium
  • Some drugs absorbed –> aspirin
  • Alcohol is absorbed to some extent
44
Q

What are peptic ulcers?

A

Erosion of mucosal lining in the esophagus, stomach or duodenum

Most cases involve H.pylori bacteria
• Causes chronic inflammation of the mucosa
• Compromises integrity of natural defenses (esp.
mucus production)

45
Q

Small intestine - how long? diameter? sections?

A

20 feet

1-1.5 inches

3 sections

  • doudenum
  • jejunum
  • ileum
46
Q

1-3 please :)

A

1- duodenum

2- jejunum

3- ileum

47
Q

Duodenum - Length? Purpose?

A

about 10in-1ft

“mixing bowl” –> where chyme is mixed with pancreatic secretions and bile from liver

48
Q

label 1

A

circular fold

49
Q

Jejunum - Length? Purpose?

A

about 7.5-8ft

where final chemical digestion and most absorption of organic nutrients (carbs, fat, protein) occurs

50
Q

what are these folds?

A

Plicae

51
Q

Label 1-2

A

1- mucosa

2- villi

52
Q

Label 1-4

(this is a picture of a single villus of the jejunum)

A

1- goblet cell

2- epithelium (cells have microvilli - creates “brush border”)

3- lacteal

4- capillary network

53
Q

Ileum - Length? Purpose?

A

about 11ft

continued absorption of stuff not absorbed in the jejunum

specific absorption of Vit.B12

has Peyer’s patches

54
Q

Large intestine - Length? How many sections? What are they called?

A

5ft long 3in diameter

4

cecum, colon (4 sub sections), rectum, and anal canal

55
Q

label 1-3 What part of the large intestine is this?

A

1- ileocecal valve

2- cecum

3- vermiform appendix

cecum

56
Q

Label the 4 parts of the colon

A

1- ascending colon

2- transverse colon

3- descending colon

4- sigmoid colon

57
Q

1 and 2

A

1- Haustrum

2- tenia coli

58
Q

Is the mucosal layer of the large intestine folded?

A

NO

59
Q

Main functions of the large intestine?

A

-Reabsorb water, compact unusable material in fecal matter

-Absorb some vitamins made by bacteria living in large intestines
• Vit K
• Biotin
• Vit B5

-Conversion of organic wastes
• Bilirubin (from breakdown of RBC’s)  stercobilins and urobilins
• Protein leftovers  ammonia, indole/skatole, hydrogen sulfide

-Storage of fecal matter until defecation

60
Q

What are the two structures here?

A

Rectum and anal canal

61
Q

Accessory organs of intestines

A

Create secretions that are dumped into the intestines

include

  • pancreas
  • liver
  • gallbladder
62
Q

What do cells of pancreatic acini do?

A

make enzymes and buffers

Dumps them into duodenum via pancreatic duct

63
Q

What do cells of pancreatic islets do?

A

make hormones insulin and glucagon that regulates blood glucose levels

64
Q

label 1-3

A

1- right lobe of liver

2- falciform ligament

3- left lobe of liver

65
Q

1-5

A

1- caudate lobe

2- left lobe

3- porta hepatis (containing hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein)

4- quadrate lobe

5- right lobe

66
Q

what are the functional unit of the liver?

A

Lobules

67
Q

1-5

A

1- portal triad

2- bile duct

3- portal venule

4- portal arteriole

5- central vein

68
Q

Liver functions

A

Metabolic regulation
• major control point for determining nutrient content of circulating blood
Hematological regulation
• has a number of immunological and blood-related functions

Bile production
• important for the process of fat digestion

69
Q

1-4

A

1- left and right hepatic ducts

2- cystic duct

3- common hepatic duct

4- common bile duct

70
Q

What is cholelothiasis?

A

Gallstones

anatomy (8 decks)

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