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anatomy > Chapter 20: The Endocrine System > Flashcards

Chapter 20: The Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

The central command center of the endocrine system is…

A

Hypothalamus

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2
Q

Label 1-3

A
  1. Hypothalamus
  2. Infundibulum
  3. Pituitary gland
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3
Q

The pituitary is divided into how many lobes?

A

2 (anterior and posterior)

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4
Q

Correctly identify 1-4

A
  1. Posterior Pituitary
  2. Anterior Pituitary
  3. Hypothalamus
  4. Infundibulum
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5
Q

Most of the anterior pituitary hormones stimulate other endocrine organs or structures. Functionally, these are known as…

A

Tropic

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6
Q

What structure is responsible for making the hormones produced within the anterior pituitary?

A

Endocrine cells of the anterior pituitary

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7
Q

What are the specialized neurons in the hypothalamus that send regulartory hormones to the anterior pituitary to control the output of tropic hormones?

A

Neurosecretory cells

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8
Q

The major hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary are…

A
  • Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
  • Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
  • Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
  • Thryoid Stimulating (Thyrotropin) hormone (TSH)
  • Prolactin (PRL)
  • Growth Hormone (GH)
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9
Q

The hormone which stimulates the thyroid gland to release thryoid hormone is known as…

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

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10
Q

The hormone which acts on mammary glands to stimulate milk production?

A

Prolactin (PRL)

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11
Q

The hormones which acts on gonads (testes and ovaries) to stimulate the development of gametes (sperm and oocyte) and release hormones.

A

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

Lutenizing Hormone (LH)

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12
Q

This hormone stimulates the release of IGF’s from the liver, which synergistically act on all body tissues, especially carilage, bone, muscle, and adipose connective tissue to stimulate growth. This hormone also has receptor targets in almost every cell in the body.

A

Growth Hormone (GH)

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13
Q

The hormone which acts on the adrenal cortex to cause release of corticosteroids (e.g. cortisol)?

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

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14
Q

The posterior pituitary does or does not contain endocrine cells?

A

The posterior pituitary DOES NOT contain endocrine cells.

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15
Q

The two primary hormones stored in the posterior pituitary are…

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Oxytocin (OT)

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16
Q

Within the posterior pituitary, the horomones (ADH) and OT are released from the synaptic terminals into the…

A

Blood Stream

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17
Q

The horomone which causes the kidneys to conserve water, and when in high concentration… increases blood pressure

A

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

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18
Q

The hormone responsible for contracting the muscles of the uterine wall and those associated with milk-secreting glands as well as stimulating the smooth muscle of the male reproductive tract…

A

Oxytocin (OT)

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19
Q

The follicular cells of the thyroid gland produce which hormone?

A

Thyroid hormone

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20
Q

The Parafollicular cells (C-cells) make what hormone/compound

A

Calcitonin

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21
Q

Identify 1-3

A
  1. Left Lobe of Thyroid Gland
  2. Isthmus of thyroid gland
  3. Right lobe of thyroid gland
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22
Q

Identify 1 and 2 in this photo

A
  1. Follicular Cells
  2. Parafollicular cell
23
Q

Parathyroid hormone is produced from the…

A

Parathyroid glands

24
Q

Number 1 is pointing to the…

A

Parathyroid glands

25
Q

The yellow structures resting atop each kidney are…

A

Adrenal glands

26
Q

Corticosteroids are produced within which part of the adrenal glands?

A

Adrenal cortex

27
Q

Different functional categories of different steroids hormones are secreted in the separate zones of the adrenal cortex. The three zones/layers of the adrenal cortex are… (In order from superficial to deep)

A
  1. Zona glomerulosa
  2. Zona Fasciculata
  3. Zona Reticularis
28
Q

Mineralcorticoids are a group of hormones that help regulate the composition and concentration of electrolytes in body fluids. These steroidal compounds are produced within the…

A

Zona glomerulosa

29
Q

Glucocorticoids stimulate the metabolism of lipids and proteins and help to regulate blood glucose levels. Most common of these are cortisol and conticosterone. Glucocorticoids are produced in the laters region of the adrenal cortex known as…

A

Zona Fasciculata

30
Q

The innermost region of the adrenal cortex which contains cells capable of secreting minor amounts of sex hormones called gonadocorticoids with the primary of these hormones being andrgens…

A

Zona Reticularis

31
Q

Identify the layers 1-3 of the adrenal cortex

A
  1. Zona glomerulosa
  2. Zona Fasciculata
  3. Zona Reicularis
32
Q

The three layers/regions of the entire adrenal gland from superficial to deep…

A
  1. Capsule
  2. Adrenal Cortex
  3. Adrenal medulla
33
Q

What is the primary hormone produced by the adrenal medualla?

A

Adrenaline

34
Q

The pancreas has two types of hormonal functions known as…

A

Endocrine and exocrine

35
Q

The alkaline pancreatic juice that is secreted through the pancreatic ducts into the duodenum of the small intestine is produced by…

A

pancreatic acini

36
Q

The cells within the pancreas serve as endocrine cells?

A

Pancreatic islets also known as Islets of Langerhans

37
Q

Pancreatic islets are composed of two different major cell types known as…

A

Alpha and Beta cells

38
Q

There are two minor cells within the pancreatic islets known as…

A

Delta and F cells

39
Q

This is a micrograph photo of what cell type in the pancreas?

A

Pancreatic Islet

40
Q

Alpha cells in the Islets produce what hormone and what function does that serve

A

Glucagon; stimulates breakdown of glycogen and release of glucose from liver (raises blood sugar)

41
Q

Beta cells of the pancreas produce what hormone and what function does it serve

A

Insulin; stimulates uptake of glucose into cells (lowers blood sugar)

42
Q

Delta cells of the pancreas produce what function does it serve?

A

Somatostatin; slows insulin and glucagon release by alpha/beta cells

43
Q

F cells of the pancreas produce what molecule and what function does it serve?

A

Pancreatic Polypeptide; inhibits somatostatin release by Delta cells

44
Q

The testes produce what hormone and what function does it serve?

A

testosterone;

Maturation of sperm, male secondary sex characteristics, protein synthesis in muscle

45
Q

Ovaries produce what two major hormones and what is each primary function?

A
  • Estrogen: maturation of eggs (follicles), female secondary sex characteristics
  • Progesterone: preparation for pregnancy
46
Q

What cells within the stomach and small intestines produce hormones gastrin, secretin, and cholecystokinin?

A

Enteroendocrine Cells

47
Q

Gastrin is produced within the…

A

Stomach (enteroendocrine cells)

48
Q

Secretin and Cholecystokinin are produced within the…

A

Small intestine (enteroendocrine cells)

49
Q

Eryhtopoietin and Calcitriol are produced in the…

A

Kidneys

50
Q

Erythropoietin (EPO) serves what primary function

A

Stimulates red blood cell production in the bone marrow

51
Q

Calcitriol is the bioactive form of what vitamin and what function does it serve?

A

Calcitriol is the bioactive form of vitamin D and this promotes absorption of calcium in the GI tracts.

52
Q

The Heart produced what major hormone which helps decrease blood pressure

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

53
Q

Melatonin is produced where and what function does it serve (the hormone)?

A

Pineal gland; helps in coordinating sleep/wake cycles with daylight cycle

anatomy (8 decks)

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