Digestive Gastrointestinal Flashcards
What are the four digestive functions?
Movement, secretion, digestion and absorption.
Function that mixes and passes nutrients through the system and eliminates waste?
Movement
Function where enzymes, hormones and other substances necessary for digestion are secreted into digestive tract?
Secretion
Function where chemical breakdown of nutrients into smaller units that enter the internal environment?
Digestion
Function where is passage of nutrients through the plasma membrane into blood or lymph then to the body?
Absorption
Digestion begins in the ______ with chewing and mixing nutrients with saliva?
Mouth
What glands become stimulated when chewing and secrete saliva?
Salivary glands
Saliva contains _______ which initiate breakdown of starch in digestion?
Enzymes
Once swallowed food moves down the ________ into _________ in route to the stomach?
Pharynx; esophagus
What is the flexible, muscular sac?
Stomach
Mixing, storing of food, dissolving & degrading food by secretions and controlling passage of food into small intestine are function of?
Stomach; three main functions
______ digestion begins in the stomach?
Protein
What helps break down food and make nutrients available for absorption?
Stomach acidity
Smooth muscle moves food by _______ contracting and relaxing to move along nutrients?
Peristalsis
Smooth muscle contraction moves nutrients into small intestine where ______ process begins?
Absorption process
What’s the largest organ of the body and largest gland?
Liver
How much does the liver weigh?
3 pounds
Where is the liver located?
Below diaphragm on right side of the chest.
Liver is made up of four ?
Lobes
What are the four lobes called?
Right, left, quadrate, and caudate lobe.
The liver is secured to the diaphragm and abdominal walls by?
Five ligaments
What are the five ligaments called?
Falciform, coronary, right triangular, left triangular and round ligaments.
Which ligament forms a membrane barrier between the right and left liver lobes?
Falciform ligament
The liver processes all the _______ that passes through the digestive system?
Blood
Nutrient rich blood is supplied to the liver by the?
Hepatic portal vein
What supplies oxygen rich blood to the liver?
Hepatic artery
Blood leaves the liver through the?
Hepatic veins
What is the livers functional units called?
Lobules
Lobules are made up of layers of?
Liver cells
Blood enters lobules through the branches of the ____________ and _________?
Portal vein & hepatic artery
After blood enters lobules then blood flows through small channels called?
Sinusoids
Liver is responsible for the production of ?
Bile and certain blood plasma proteins
Liver is responsible for the production of _________ and proteins needed to carry fats?
Cholesterol
Liver is responsible for storage of excess glucose in the form ________?
Glycogen
Can glycogen be converted back to glucose when needed?
True
Liver is responsible for the regulation of ?
Amino acids and blood clotting
Liver is responsible for the processing of _________ to store ion?
Hemoglobin
Liver is responsible for conversion of ammonia (poison to body) to _____ (waste excreted in urine)?
Urea
Liver is responsible for __________ of the blood (clears out drugs and other toxin)?
Purification
Liver is responsible for controlling infections by boosting __________ and removing bacteria?
Immune factors
What long tapered organ is six to ten inches long?
Pancreas
Where is the pancreas located?
Back of abdomen behind the stomach
The right side of the pancreas is wider and called the?
Head
The left side of the pancreas is narrow and called the?
Tail
Where does the head of the pancreas lie?
Near the duodenum
Where does the tail of the pancreas end?
Near the spleen
The pancreas body is made up of ?
Exocrine and endocrine tissues
Which tissues secrete digestive enzymes from a series of ducts that forms the main pancreatic duct?
Exocrine tissue
What duct connects to the common bile duct near the duodenum?
Main pancreatic duct
Which tissues secrete hormones (insulin) into bloodstream?
Endocrine tissues
Blood is supplied to the pancreas from the?
Splenic artery, gastroduodenal artery and superior mesenteric artery.
Pancreas assists in digestion by secreting enzymes that help break down many foods especially?
Fats and proteins
Precursors to enzymes zymogens are produced by groups of exocrine cells called?
Acini
Acini are converted to what active enzymes once they enter the small intestine?
Pancreatic lipase and amylase
Large amounts of ___________ are secreted to neutralize stomach acid that reaches the small intestine?
Sodium bicarbonate
________ functions are controlled by hormones released by stomach and duodenum when food is present?
Exocrine
Exocrine secretions flow through into the main pancreatic duct (_______)?
Wirsung’s duct
Exocrine secretions are delivered to duodenum through the ?
Pancreatic duct
In the digestive process most nutrients are absorbed in the?
Small intestine
Enzymes from pancreas, liver, and stomach are transported to small intestine to aid with?
Digestion
These digestion enzymes act on?
Fats, carbohydrates, nucleic acids and proteins
A secretion of the liver and is useful in breaking down fats?
Bile
Where is bile stored in between meals?
Gallbladder
When food reaches the small intestine lining it’s been reduced to?
Small molecules
Small intestine lining is covered with?
Villi
Villi tiny absorptive structures increase surface area for interaction with?
Chyme
Chyme is the semi ______ of partially digested food?
Liquid mass
Epithelial cells at the surface of villi, _____ further increases the ability to serve as main absorption organ of digestive tract?
Microvilli
The large intestine is also called the?
Colon
Large intestine concentrates, mixes, and stores?
Waste material
Large intestine ascend on right side of abdominal cavity, cuts transversely to left side, the descends and attaches to the?
Rectum
The rectum is the short tube for?
Waste disposal
When rectal wall is distended (enlarged, swollen) by waste material the ________ system triggers impulse in body to expel waste?
Nervous system
A muscle sphincter at the end of the _____ is stimulated to facilitate the expelling of waste material?
Anus
Speed at which waste moves through colon is influenced by volume of _____ and other undigested material present?
Fiber
Without adequate bulk in diet, it takes ______ to move waste along?
Longer
Lack of bulk in diet has been linked to?
Several disorders