Digestive Gastrointestinal Flashcards by Charlonda Robinson

What are the four digestive functions?

Movement, secretion, digestion and absorption.

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Function that mixes and passes nutrients through the system and eliminates waste?

Movement

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Function where enzymes, hormones and other substances necessary for digestion are secreted into digestive tract?

Secretion

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Function where chemical breakdown of nutrients into smaller units that enter the internal environment?

Digestion

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Function where is passage of nutrients through the plasma membrane into blood or lymph then to the body?

Absorption

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Digestion begins in the ______ with chewing and mixing nutrients with saliva?

Mouth

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What glands become stimulated when chewing and secrete saliva?

Salivary glands

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Saliva contains _______ which initiate breakdown of starch in digestion?

Enzymes

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Once swallowed food moves down the ________ into _________ in route to the stomach?

Pharynx; esophagus

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What is the flexible, muscular sac?

Stomach

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Mixing, storing of food, dissolving & degrading food by secretions and controlling passage of food into small intestine are function of?

Stomach; three main functions

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______ digestion begins in the stomach?

Protein

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What helps break down food and make nutrients available for absorption?

Stomach acidity

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Smooth muscle moves food by _______ contracting and relaxing to move along nutrients?

Peristalsis

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Smooth muscle contraction moves nutrients into small intestine where ______ process begins?

Absorption process

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What’s the largest organ of the body and largest gland?

Liver

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How much does the liver weigh?

3 pounds

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Where is the liver located?

Below diaphragm on right side of the chest.

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Liver is made up of four ?

Lobes

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What are the four lobes called?

Right, left, quadrate, and caudate lobe.

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The liver is secured to the diaphragm and abdominal walls by?

Five ligaments

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What are the five ligaments called?

Falciform, coronary, right triangular, left triangular and round ligaments.

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Which ligament forms a membrane barrier between the right and left liver lobes?

Falciform ligament

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The liver processes all the _______ that passes through the digestive system?

Blood

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Nutrient rich blood is supplied to the liver by the?

Hepatic portal vein

What supplies oxygen rich blood to the liver?

Hepatic artery

Blood leaves the liver through the?

Hepatic veins

What is the livers functional units called?

Lobules

Lobules are made up of layers of?

Liver cells

Blood enters lobules through the branches of the ____________ and _________?

Portal vein & hepatic artery

After blood enters lobules then blood flows through small channels called?

Sinusoids

Liver is responsible for the production of ?

Bile and certain blood plasma proteins

Liver is responsible for the production of _________ and proteins needed to carry fats?

Cholesterol

Liver is responsible for storage of excess glucose in the form ________?

Glycogen

Can glycogen be converted back to glucose when needed?

True

Liver is responsible for the regulation of ?

Amino acids and blood clotting

Liver is responsible for the processing of _________ to store ion?

Hemoglobin

Liver is responsible for conversion of ammonia (poison to body) to _____ (waste excreted in urine)?

Urea

Liver is responsible for __________ of the blood (clears out drugs and other toxin)?

Purification

Liver is responsible for controlling infections by boosting __________ and removing bacteria?

Immune factors

What long tapered organ is six to ten inches long?

Pancreas

Where is the pancreas located?

Back of abdomen behind the stomach

The right side of the pancreas is wider and called the?

Head

The left side of the pancreas is narrow and called the?

Tail

Where does the head of the pancreas lie?

Near the duodenum

Where does the tail of the pancreas end?

Near the spleen

The pancreas body is made up of ?

Exocrine and endocrine tissues

Which tissues secrete digestive enzymes from a series of ducts that forms the main pancreatic duct?

Exocrine tissue

What duct connects to the common bile duct near the duodenum?

Main pancreatic duct

Which tissues secrete hormones (insulin) into bloodstream?

Endocrine tissues

Blood is supplied to the pancreas from the?

Splenic artery, gastroduodenal artery and superior mesenteric artery.

Pancreas assists in digestion by secreting enzymes that help break down many foods especially?

Fats and proteins

Precursors to enzymes zymogens are produced by groups of exocrine cells called?

Acini

Acini are converted to what active enzymes once they enter the small intestine?

Pancreatic lipase and amylase

Large amounts of ___________ are secreted to neutralize stomach acid that reaches the small intestine?

Sodium bicarbonate

________ functions are controlled by hormones released by stomach and duodenum when food is present?

Exocrine

Exocrine secretions flow through into the main pancreatic duct (_______)?

Wirsung’s duct

Exocrine secretions are delivered to duodenum through the ?

Pancreatic duct

In the digestive process most nutrients are absorbed in the?

Small intestine

Enzymes from pancreas, liver, and stomach are transported to small intestine to aid with?

Digestion

These digestion enzymes act on?

Fats, carbohydrates, nucleic acids and proteins

A secretion of the liver and is useful in breaking down fats?

Bile

Where is bile stored in between meals?

Gallbladder

When food reaches the small intestine lining it’s been reduced to?

Small molecules

Small intestine lining is covered with?

Villi

Villi tiny absorptive structures increase surface area for interaction with?

Chyme

Chyme is the semi ______ of partially digested food?

Liquid mass

Epithelial cells at the surface of villi, _____ further increases the ability to serve as main absorption organ of digestive tract?

Microvilli

The large intestine is also called the?

Colon

Large intestine concentrates, mixes, and stores?

Waste material

Large intestine ascend on right side of abdominal cavity, cuts transversely to left side, the descends and attaches to the?

Rectum

The rectum is the short tube for?

Waste disposal

When rectal wall is distended (enlarged, swollen) by waste material the ________ system triggers impulse in body to expel waste?

Nervous system

A muscle sphincter at the end of the _____ is stimulated to facilitate the expelling of waste material?

Anus

Speed at which waste moves through colon is influenced by volume of _____ and other undigested material present?

Fiber

Without adequate bulk in diet, it takes ______ to move waste along?

Longer

Lack of bulk in diet has been linked to?

Several disorders