A&P Flashcards
1
Q
What is the organizational and structural unit of all living things?
A
Cells
2
Q
Each piece of a cell has functions that help them to what?
A
Grow and survive
3
Q
What is one thing that all cells have in common?
A
Membrane, a semi permeable membrane
4
Q
What is the membrane composed of?
A
Phospholipids and transport hole
5
Q
What are transport holes?
A
Proteins
6
Q
Transport holes help the membrane do what?
A
Help certain molecules and ion move in and out of the cell
7
Q
What is the fluid that fills the cell?
A
Cytoplasm or cytosol
8
Q
What are groups of complex molecules that help a cell survive?
A
Organelles
9
Q
Larger the cell, the more organelles it needs to?
A
Live and survive
10
Q
What do all cells contain?
A
DNA and RNA; synthesize proteins
11
Q
What structures do each cell contain?
A
Nucleic acid, cytoplasm, and a cell membrane
12
Q
What are specialized organelles?
A
Mitochondria and chloroplasts
13
Q
What do single celled organisms contain?
A
All components necessary for life
14
Q
What do multicellular organisms become?
A
Specialized cells
15
Q
How can life begin as a single cell?
A
Asexual or sexual reproduction
16
Q
Cells group together in?
A
Tissues
17
Q
Tissues group together in?
A
Organs
18
Q
Organs group together in?
A
Systems
19
Q
An organism is a?
A
Complete individual
20
Q
What structure synthesizes proteins from amino acids?
A
Ribosomes
21
Q
Ribosomes can be mobile or embedded where?
A
In rough endoplasmic reticulum
22
Q
What structure synthesizes materials like proteins that are transported out of the cell?
A
Golgi complex/ Golgi apparatus
23
Q
Where is the Golgi Complex located?
A
Near the nucleus and has many layers
24
Q
What structure is used for storage, digestion, and waste removal?
A
Vacuoles
25
How many vacuoles do plant cells have?
One large vacuole
26
How many vacuoles do animal cells have?
Many small vacuoles
27
What has a membrane and moves materials within the cell?
Vesicle
28
What consists of microtubules that help shape and support the cell?
Cytoskeleton
29
What is part of the cytoskeleton and helps support the cell?
Microtubules
30
What is the liquid material in cell that’s mostly water but floating molecules?
Cytosol
31
Refers to cytosol and is found within plasma membrane but not within the nucleus?
Cytoplasm
32
What acts as a barrier, keeps cytoplasm in and allows what enters and leaves the cell?
Cell membrane
33
Which endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes on the surface?
Rough
34
Which endoplasmic reticulum has no ribosomes on its surface?
Smooth
35
What’s the tubular network that’s the transport system of a cell?
Endoplasmic reticulum
36
What is the endoplasmic reticulum fused and extended to?
Nuclear membrane and extends through cytoplasm to cell membrane
37
What generates ATP, involved in cell growth and death?
Mitochondrion
38
What does the mitochondria contain separate from the nucleus?
It’s own DNA
39
What are the Four functions of the mitochondria?
Production of cell energy, cell signaling, cellular differentiation, cell cycle and growth regulation
40
What is cellular differentiation?
Where non-differentiated cell becomes transformed into a more specialized purpose cell
41
What is the cell cycle and growth regulation?
Process where cell gets ready to reproduce and reproduces
42
What is cell signaling?
How cell communicates within
43
What does mitochondria inner membrane enclose?
The matrix
44
What does the matrix contain?
Mitochondrial DNA ( mtDNA) and ribosomes
45
What is between the inner and outer mitochondria membranes?
Cristae ( folds)
46
What chemical reaction occurs in the cristae folds?
Energy release, control cell water levels, recycle and create proteins and fats
47
What occurs in the mitochondria?
Aerobic respiration
48
What makes a pair of centrioles located at right angles to each other surrounded by protein?
Centrosome
49
Cylinder structures near nucleus that are involved in cellular respiration?
Centrioles
50
Each centriole consists of nine groups of three what?
Three microtubules
51
Centrosomes are involved in?
Mitosis and the cell cycle
52
What digests proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and transports undigested substances to be removed?
Lysosome
53
What does the shape of the lysosome depend on?
Material being transported
54
What appendages from cell surface is responsible for cell movement?
Cilia
55
Tail like structures that use whip like movements to help the cell move?
Flagella
56
What structure contains chromosomes and regulates DNA of a cell?
Nucleus
57
What is the nucleus responsible for?
Passing on genetic traits between generations
58
What does the nucleus contain?
A nuclear envelope, nucleoplasm, nucleolus, nuclear pores, chromatin, and ribosomes
59
What are highly condensed threadlike rods of DNA?
Chromosomes
60
What does DNA store?
Genetic information about plants and animals
61
What consist of DNA and proteins that make up chromosomes?
Chromatin
62
What structure is contained within nucleus that consists of protein?
Nucleolus
63
What is the nucleolus involved in?
Protein synthesis, synthesizes and store RNA
64
What encloses the nucleus structure and membranes made of lipids?
Nuclear envelope
65
What exchanges material between nucleus and cytoplasm?
Nuclear pores
66
What is the liquid within nucleus and similar to cytoplasm?
Nucleoplasm
67
Which tissue where cells joined together tightly?
Epithelial
68
Which tissue is dense, loose, or fatty protects, binds body parts includes cartilage, tendon?
Connective
69
Which tissue cushions, provide structural support for body parts, jelly base and fibrous?
Cartilage
70
Which tissue transports oxygen to cells, removes waste, carries hormones, and defend against disease?
Blood
71
Which hard tissue support and protects softer tissues, organ, and its marrow produces rbc?
Bone
72
Which three muscle types help support and move the body?
Muscle
73
Which tissue sends signals to muscles and glands to trigger response?
Nervous
74
Where is nervous tissue located?
In brain, spinal cord, and nerves
75
What are the 11 major organ systems?
Skin, respiratory, cardio, endocrine, nervous, immune, digestive, excretory, muscular, skeletal, reproductive
76
Nearer to the midline of body?
Medial
77
Further away from the body?
Lateral
78
Closer to center of the body?
Proximal
79
Further away from center of the body?
Distal
80
In front of body?
Anterior
81
Behind the body?
Posterior
82
Adverb means towards the head?
Cephalad/ Cephalic
83
Adjective means the skull?
Cranial
84
Adverb means toward the tail or posterior?
Caudad
85
Adjective means of the hindquarters?
Caudal
86
Above or closer to the head?
Superior
87
Below or closer to the feet?
Inferior
88
Divided body into superior and infer halves?
Transverse/ Horizontal plane
89
Divides body vertically into right and left section, runs parallel to midline of body?
Sagittal plane
90
Divides body vertically into anterior and posterior section?
Coronal plane
91
What is the cell membrane also referred to as?
Plasma membrane
92
What is the thin semi permeable membrane of lipids and proteins?
Cell membrane
93
What does the cell membrane consist of?
Phospholipid bilayer with hydrophilic ends and hydrophobic ends
94
The cell membrane isolates the cell from?
It’s external environment
95
While isolating the cell membrane enables the cell to communicate with?
Outside environment
96
What does cholesterol add to the cell membrane?
Stiffness and flexibility
97
What do glycolipids help the cell membrane with?
To recognize other cells of other organisms
98
What do proteins give the cell membrane?
Its shape
99
What do special proteins do for the cell membrane?
Help cell communicate with its external environment
100
What do other proteins do for the cell membrane?
Transport molecules across the cell membrane
101
The cell membrane has selective permeability regarding the?
Size, charge, and solubility
102
Selective permeability only allows what to diffuse through?
Small molecules
103
What type of molecules are small and can pass through the cell membrane?
Oxygen and water
104
What tells you whether a cell will attract or repel ions?
The cell’s surface charge of ions
105
What ion charge is repelled?
Positive
106
What ion charge is attracted to cell surfaces?
Negative
107
Molecules soluble in ______ can pass through cell membrane?
Phospholipids
108
Molecules that can’t diffuse through, must be moved through by?
Active transport and vesicles
109
What refers to the process of cell reproducing?
Cell cycle
110
What does cell reproducing involve?
Cell growth, duplication of genetic material, and cell division
111
Why do complex organisms with lots of cells use cell cycles?
To replace cells as they lose function and wear out
112
What cells are constantly reproducing?
Human skin cells
113
What cells take 24 hours for the entire cell cycle?
Animal cells
114
What happens to neurons when they mature?
They don’t grow or divide
115
What are two ways that cells reproduce?
By meiosis and mitosis
116
Process where cells replicate, daughter cell is exact replica of parent cell?
Mitosis
117
Process where cells divide, daughter cell have different genetic coding than parent cell?
Meiosis
118
Meiosis can only happen in specialized reproductive cells called?
Gametes
119
What process help determine the cell type for each cell?
Differentiation
120
Phase prepares cell for division by replicating its genetic and cytoplasmic material?
Interphase
121
Chromatin thickens in chromosomes, nuclear membrane disintegrates. Centriole pairs move to opposite side, spindle fiber forms. Mitotic spindle form cytoskeleton parts, moves chromosomes around cell?
Prophase
122
Spindle moves center of cell. Chromosome pairs align along center of spindle structure?
Metaphase
123
Chromosomes pull apart and bend, grooves appear in cell membrane?
Anaphase
124
When chromosomes sisters are separated, pulled apart what are they called?
Daughter chromosomes
125
Spindle disintegrates, nuclear membrane reform, chromosomes revert to chromatin?
Telophase
126
In telophase, the animal cells membrane is?
Pinched
127
In telophase, plant cells begin to form what?
A new cell wall
128
Physical splitting of cell into two cells, can occur after telophase or anaphase?
Cytokinesis
129
Meiosis has the same phases but they happen?
Twice
130
Interphase (I), prophase (I), metaphase (I), anaphase (I), telophase (I), and cytokinesis (I) are the?
First phase of meiosis
131
Prophase (II), metaphase (II), anaphase (II), telophase (II), and cytokinesis (II) are the?
Second phase of meiosis
132
What happens during the first phase of meiosis?
Chromosomes cross over, genetic material is exchanged, and tetrads of four chromatids are formed
133
Homologous pairs of chromatids are separated and travel to?
Different poles
134
One cell division resulting in two cells hence why?
There are two phases of meiosis
135
The second cell division results in how many daughter cells?
Four daughter cells with different sets of chromosomes
136
Daughter cells are haploid, meaning?
Contain half the genetic material of parent cell
137
What does meiosis encourage?
Genetic diversity
138
Differentiation is the process that helps?
Determine the cell type for each cell
139
A less specialized cell becomes a…?
More specialized cell
140
Cell differentiation is controlled by genes of each cell among a growth of cells known as?
Zygote
141
When a cell builds certain proteins that sets it apart as a specific type of cell it follows?
Gene directions
142
What is gastrulation?
An early phase in embryonic development of most animals
143
How are cells organized into three primary germ layers during gastrulation?
Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
144
What do the cells in this germ layers differentiate into?
Special tissues and organs
145
Nervous system develops from the germ layer?
Ectoderm
146
Muscular system develops from the germ layer?
Mesoderm
147
Digestive system develops from the germ layer?
Endoderm
