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Anatomy And Physiology 1 > Digestive Enzymes and Digestive Pathologies > Flashcards

Digestive Enzymes and Digestive Pathologies Flashcards

1
Q

Salivary Enzymes are…

A

Salivary Amylase and lingual lipase

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2
Q

Salivary Lipase

A

Source: Salivary Glands
Substrates: Starches (polysaccharides)
Products: Maltose, maltotriose, alpha-dextrins

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3
Q

Lingual Lipase

A

Source: Lingual Glands in tongue
Substrates: Triglycerides and other lipids
Products: Fatty acids and diglycerides

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4
Q

Gastric Juice enzymes…

A

Pepsin and gastric lipase

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5
Q

Pepsin

A

Source: Stomach chief cells
Substrates: Proteins
Products: Peptides

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6
Q

Gastric Lipase

A

Source: Stomach Chief cells
Substrates: Triglycerides
Products: Fatty acids and monoglycerides

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7
Q

Pancreatic Juice enzymes…

A

Pancreatic Amylase, Trypsin, Chymotrypsin, Elastase, Carboxypeptidase, Pancreatic Lipase, Ribonuclease, Deoxyribonuclease

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8
Q

Pancreatic Amylase

A

Source: Pancreatic Acinar Cells
Substrates: Starches
Products: Maltose and alpha dextrins

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9
Q

Trypsin

A

Source: Pancreatic Acinar Cells
Substrates: Proteins
Products: Peptides

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10
Q

Chymotrypsin

A

Source: Pancreatic Acinar Cells
Substrates: Proteins
Products: Peptides

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11
Q

Elastase

A

Source: Pancreatic Acinar Cells
Substrates: Proteins
Products: Peptides

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12
Q

Carboxypeptidase

A

Source: Pancreatic Acinar Cells
Substrates: Amino acid at carboxy end of peptides
Products: Amino acids and peptides

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13
Q

Pancreatic Lipase

A

Source: Pancreatic Acinar Cells
Substrates: Triglycerides that have been emulsified by bile salts
Products: Fatty acids and monoglycerides

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14
Q

Ribonuclease

A

Source: Pancreatic Acinar Cells
Substrates: Ribonucleic Acid
Products: Nucleotides

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15
Q

Deoxyribonuclease

A

Source: Pancreatic Acinar Cells
Substrates: Deoxyribonucleic Acid
Products: Nucleotides

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16
Q

Brush-Border Enzymes in Microvilli Plasma Membrane…

A

alpha dextrinase, maltase, sucrase, lactase, enterokinase, aminopeptidase, dipeptidase, nucleosidases/phosphatases

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17
Q

Alpha-Dextinase

A

Source: Small Intestine
Substrates: alpha dextrins
Products: Glucose

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18
Q

Maltase

A

Source: Small Intestine
Substrates: Maltose
Products: Glucose

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19
Q

Sucrase

A

Source: Small Intestine
Substrates: Sucrose
Products: Glucose and fructose

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20
Q

Lactase

A

Source: Small Intestine
Substrates: Lactose
Products: Glucose and galactose

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21
Q

Enterokinase

A

Source: Small Intestine
Substrates: Trypsinogen
Products: Trypsin

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22
Q

Aminopeptidase

A

Source: Small Intestine
Substrates: amino acid at amino end of peptide
Product: Amino acids and peptides

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23
Q

Dipeptidase

A

Source: Small Intestine
Substrates: Dipeptides
Product: Amino Acids

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24
Q

Nucleosidases/Phosphatases

A

Source: Small Intestine
Substrates: Nucleotides
Products: Nitrogenouse bases, pentoses, and phosphates

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25
Q

Substrates on starches

A

Salivary amylase and pancreatic amylase

26
Q

Substrates on triglycerides

A

Lingual lipase, pancreatic lipase, gastric lipase

27
Q

Substrates on proteins

A

Pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase

28
Q

Produces fatty acids

A

lingual lipase, gastric lipase, pancreatic lipase

29
Q

Dental Caries

A

Gradual demineralization of the enamel and dentin of a tooth that may invade the pulp and alveolar bone. Also called tooth decay.

30
Q

Periodontal Disease

A

A collective term for conditions characterized by degeneration of gingivae, alveolar bone, periodontal ligament, and cementum.

31
Q

Peptic Ulcer Disease

A

An ulcer that develops in areas of the gastrointestinal tract exposed to hydrochloric acid;

32
Q

Diverticular Disease

A

where the muscularis has become weakened or inflamed.

33
Q

Colorectal Disease

A

Colorectal disease is a general term used to describe many digestive conditions that affect the colon and rectum. These conditions can range from mild to severe. Symptoms often resemble those of other conditions which can make it difficult to diagnose.

34
Q

Hepatitis

A

Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver tissue. Some people have no symptoms whereas others develop yellow discoloration of the skin and whites of the eyes, poor appetite, vomiting, tiredness, abdominal pain, or diarrhea. Hepatitis may be temporary or long term depending on whether it lasts for less than or more than six months. Acute hepatitis can sometimes resolve on its own, progress to chronic hepatitis, or rarely result in acute liver failure. Over time the chronic form may progress to scarring of the liver, liver failure, or liver cancer.

35
Q

Achalasia

A

condition caused by malfunction of the myenteric plexus in which the lower esophageal sphincter fails to relax normally as food approaches. A whole meal may become lodged in the esophagus and enter the stomach very slowly. Distension of the esophagus results in chest pain that is often confused with pain originating from the heart.

36
Q

Bariatric Surgery

A

A surgical procedure that limits the amount of food that can be ingested and absorbed in order to bring about a significant weight loss in obese individuals. The most commonly performed type is called Gastric bypass surgery.

37
Q

Borborygmus

A

A rumbling noise caused by the propulsion of gas through the intestines.

38
Q

Canker Sore

A

Painful ulcer on the mucous membrane of the mouth that affects females more often than males, usually between ages 10 and 40; may be an autoimmune reaction or a food allergy.

39
Q

Cirrhosis

A

Distorted or scarred liver as a result of chronic inflammation due to hepatitis, chemicals that destroy hepatocytes, parasites that infect the liver, or alcoholism; the hepatocytes are replaced by fibrous or adipose connective tissue. Symptoms include jaundice, edema in the legs, uncontrolled bleeding, and increased sensitivity to drugs.

40
Q

Colitis

A

inflammation of the mucosa of the colon and rectum in which absorption of water and salts is reduced, producing watery, bloody feces and, in severe cases, dehydration and salt depletion. Spasms of the irritated muscularis produce cramps. it is thought to be an autoimmune condition.

41
Q

Colonoscopy

A

The visual examination of the lining of the colon using an elongated, flexible, fiber-optic endoscope called a Colonoscope. It is used to detect disorders such as polyps, cancer, and diverticulosis; to take tissue samples; and to remove small polyps. Most tumors of the large intestine occur in the rectum.

42
Q

Colostomy

A

The diversion of feces through an opening in the colon, creating a surgical “stoma” (artificial opening) that is made in the exterior of the abdominal wall. This opening serves as a substitute anus through which feces are eliminated into a bag worn on the abdomen.

43
Q

Dysphagia

A

Difficulty in swallowing that may be caused by inflammation, paralysis, obstruction, or trauma.

44
Q

Flatus

A

Air (gas) in the stomach or intestine, usually expelled through the anus. If the gas is expelled through the mouth, it is called Eructation or Belching (burping).

45
Q

Food Poisoning

A

A sudden illness caused by ingesting food or drink contaminated by an infectious microbe (bacterium, virus, or protozoan) or a toxin (poison). The most common cause is the toxin produced by the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus.

46
Q

Gastroenteritis

A

Inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestine (especially the small intestine). It is usually caused by a viral or bacterial infection that may be acquired by contaminated food or water or by people in close contact. Symptoms include diarrhea, vomiting, fever, loss of appetite, cramps, and abdominal discomfort.

47
Q

Gastroscopy

A

Endoscopic examination of the stomach in which the examiner can view the interior of the stomach directly to evaluate an ulcer, tumor, inflammation, or source of bleeding.

48
Q

Halitosis

A

A foul odor from the mouth; also called Bad breath.

49
Q

Heartburn

A

A burning sensation in a region near the heart due to irritation of the mucosa of the esophagus from hydrochloric acid in stomach contents. It is caused by failure of the lower esophageal sphincter to close properly, so that the stomach contents enter the inferior esophagus. It is not related to any cardiac problem.

50
Q

Hemorrhoids

A

Varicosed (enlarged and inflamed) superior rectal veins.

51
Q

Hernia

A

Protrusion of all or part of an organ through a membrane or cavity wall, usually the abdominal cavity.

52
Q

Inflammatory Bowel Disease

A

Inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract that exists in two forms. (1) Crohn’s disease is an inflammation of any part of the gastrointestinal tract in which the inflammation extends from the mucosa through the submucosa, muscularis, and serosa. (2) Ulcerative colitis is an inflammation of the mucosa of the colon and rectum, usually accompanied by rectal bleeding.

53
Q

Irritable Bowel Syndrome

A

Disease of the entire gastrointestinal tract in which a person reacts to stress by developing symptoms (such as cramping and abdominal pain) associated with alternating patterns of diarrhea and constipation. Excessive amounts of mucus may appear in feces; other symptoms include flatulence, nausea, and loss of appetite. The condition is also known as Irritable colon or Spastic colitis.

54
Q

Malabsorption

A

A number of disorders in which nutrients from food are not absorbed properly. It may be due to disorders that result in the inadequate breakdown of food during digestion (due to inadequate digestive enzymes or juices), damage to the lining of the small intestine (from surgery, infections, and drugs like neomycin and alcohol), and impairment of motility. Symptoms may include diarrhea, weight loss, weakness, vitamin deficiencies, and bone demineralization.

55
Q

Malocclusion

A

Condition in which the surfaces of the maxillary (upper) and mandibular (lower) teeth fit together poorly.

56
Q

Nausea

A

Discomfort characterized by a loss of appetite and the sensation of impending vomiting. Its causes include local irritation of the gastrointestinal tract, a systemic disease, brain disease or injury, overexertion, or the effects of medication or drug overdosage.

57
Q

Traveler’s Diarrhea

A

Infectious disease of the gastrointestinal tract that results in loose, urgent bowel movements, cramping, abdominal pain, malaise, nausea, and occasionally fever and dehydration. It is acquired through ingestion of food or water contaminated with fecal material typically containing bacteria (especially Escherichia coli); viruses or protozoan parasites are less common causes.

58
Q

Gallstones

A

A solid mass, usually containing cholesterol, in the gallbladder or a bile-containing duct; formed anywhere between bile canaliculi in the liver and the hepatopancreatic ampulla (ampulla of Vater), where bile enters the duodenum. Also called a biliary calculus.

59
Q

Jaundice

A

A condition characterized by yellowness of the skin, the white of the eyes, mucous membranes, and body fluids because of a buildup of bilirubin.

60
Q

Kwashiorkor

A

A disorder in which protein intake is deficient despite normal or nearly normal caloric intake, characterized by edema of the abdomen, enlarged liver, decreased blood pressure, low pulse rate, lower-than-normal body temperature, and sometimes mental retardation.

61
Q

Pyorrhea

A

A discharge or flow of pus, especially in the alveoli (sockets) and the tissues of the gums.

Anatomy And Physiology 1 (6 decks)

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