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Anatomy And Physiology 1 > Chapter 18-Endocrine System > Flashcards

Chapter 18-Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Hormones

A

A secretion of endocrine cells that alters the physiological activity of target cells of the body.

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2
Q

Functions of Hormones

A
  1. Regulates chemical composition and volume of the internal environment
  2. Regulates metabolism
  3. Regulates glandular secretions
  4. Controls growth and development
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3
Q

Endocrine Glands (names)

A
  1. Pituitary Gland
  2. Thyroid Gland
  3. Adrenal Gland
  4. Pineal Gland
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4
Q

A type of hormone that acts on neighboring cells without entering the bloodstream…

A
  1. Local Hormone

2. Paracrine

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5
Q

Only water-soluble hormones….

A

Use second messengers

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6
Q

Down-Regulation

A

When a hormone is present in excessive levels, the number of target-cell receptors may decrease.

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7
Q

Antagonistic Effect

A

When one hormone opposes the action of another hormone.

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8
Q

Circulating Hormone

A

Hormone carried in the bloodstream to distant target cells

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9
Q

Steroids

A

Group of lipid-soluble hormones derived from cholesterol.

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10
Q

Eicosanoids:

A
  1. Prostaglandin

2. Leukotriene

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11
Q

Prostaglandins:

A

All prostaglandins are derived from a 20-carbon precursor molecule called arachidonic acid.

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12
Q

Methods of stimulating hormone secretions from an endocrine cell:

A
  1. Signals from the nervous system
  2. Chemical changes in the blood
  3. Releasing hormones
  4. Both signals from the nervous system and chemical changes in the blood.
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13
Q

Hormones released from the hypothalamus…

A

Controls hormone release from the anterior pituitary gland

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14
Q

The anterior pituitary gland is comprised of:

A
  1. Pars Distalis

2. Pars Tuberalis

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15
Q

7 Hormones secreted by:

A

5 types of anterior pituitary cells.

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16
Q

Somatotrophs:

A

Anterior pituitary cell secretes human growth hormone

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17
Q

Growth Hormone:

A

anterior pituitary hormone stimulates general body growth.

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18
Q

Prolactin:

A

Anterior pituitary hormones stimulate milk production

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19
Q

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone:

A

Anterior pituitary hormones stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol.

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20
Q

Luteinizing Hormone:

A

Anterior pituitary hormones stimulates the gonads to secrete progesterone and/or testosterone.

21
Q

Hormones secreted by the Posterior Pituitary Gland:

A
  1. Oxytocin

2. Antidiuretic Hormone

22
Q

The amount of ADH that is secreted by the posterior pituitary glands varies with:

A

Blood osmotic pressure

23
Q

Calcitonin

A

opposes the action of parathyroid hormone

24
Q

Parathyroid Hormone is

A

the major regulator of the plasma concentration Calcium

25
Q

Steps in the synthesis and secretion of T3 and T4:

A
  1. Iodide trapping
  2. Oxidation of iodide
  3. Coupling of T1 and T2
  4. Iodination of tyrosine
26
Q

Dehydration would result from:

A

hypo secretion of aldosterone.

27
Q

Insulin:

A

blood-glucose lowering hormone is produced by the pancreatic islet cells

28
Q

Thyroid Hormone:

A

promotes increases in the basal metabolic rate (BMR)

29
Q

Glucagon:

A

hormone are released in response to decreases in blood glucose concentration

30
Q

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG):

A

produced by the placenta

31
Q

Leptin:

A

produced by the adipose tissue.

32
Q

Hormones that play key regulatory roles in the body’s long term response to stress:

A
  1. Cortisol
  2. hGH
  3. Thyroid Hormone
33
Q

Common response of the body to long-term stress:

A
  1. Increased lipolysis
  2. Increased glycongenesis
  3. Increased gluconeogenesis
  4. Increased breakdown of proteins
34
Q

Melatonin:

A

An amine hormone derived from serotonin

35
Q

Hypothyroidism during adulthood can produce:

A

myxedema

36
Q

Possible progression of goiter:

A
  1. Inadequate dietary iodine intake
  2. Low level of thyroid hormone in blood
  3. Increased TSH secretion
  4. Thyroid gland enlargement
37
Q

Hirsutism:

A

An abnormal condition of excess androgen secretion, observed primarily in women, that is characterized by the presence of excessive body and facial hair in a male pattern.

38
Q

Gynecomastia:

A

A condition characterized by excessive development of mammary glands in a male.

39
Q

Ectoderm:

A

germ layer the anterior pituitary gland develop from during embryonic development

40
Q

Endoderm:

A

germ layer the thyroid gland develop from during the embryonic development

41
Q

Ectoderm germ layer…

A

does the adrenal medulla develop from during embryonic development

42
Q

Mesoderm:

A

Endocrine tissues that secrete steroid hormones all are derived from

43
Q

Characteristics of an exocrine gland:

A
  1. Initially secretes its products into a duct.
  2. Secretes materials onto outer surface of the body.
  3. Secretes materials into the lumen of hollow organs
44
Q

Effect of glucocorticoid stimulation:

A
  1. Protein and fat breakdown
  2. Glucose formation
  3. Depression of immune responses
  4. Reduction of inflammation
45
Q

Parathyroid hormone is released

A

from the parathyroid gland

46
Q

Insulin releases

A

from the pancreas

47
Q

Glucagon release

A

from the pancreas

48
Q

ADH release

A

from the posterior pituitary gland.

Anatomy And Physiology 1 (6 decks)

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