Chapter 18-Endocrine System

Question 1

Hormones

Answer 1

A secretion of endocrine cells that alters the physiological activity of target cells of the body.

Question 2

Functions of Hormones

Answer 2

1. Regulates chemical composition and volume of the internal environment
2. Regulates metabolism
3. Regulates glandular secretions
4. Controls growth and development

Question 3

Endocrine Glands (names)

Answer 3

1. Pituitary Gland
2. Thyroid Gland
3. Adrenal Gland
4. Pineal Gland

Question 4

A type of hormone that acts on neighboring cells without entering the bloodstream…

Answer 4

1. Local Hormone

2. Paracrine

Question 5

Only water-soluble hormones….

Answer 5

Use second messengers

Question 6

Down-Regulation

Answer 6

When a hormone is present in excessive levels, the number of target-cell receptors may decrease.

Question 7

Antagonistic Effect

Answer 7

When one hormone opposes the action of another hormone.

Question 8

Circulating Hormone

Answer 8

Hormone carried in the bloodstream to distant target cells

Question 9

Steroids

Answer 9

Group of lipid-soluble hormones derived from cholesterol.

Question 10

Eicosanoids:

Answer 10

1. Prostaglandin

2. Leukotriene

Question 11

Prostaglandins:

Answer 11

All prostaglandins are derived from a 20-carbon precursor molecule called arachidonic acid.

Question 12

Methods of stimulating hormone secretions from an endocrine cell:

Answer 12

1. Signals from the nervous system
2. Chemical changes in the blood
3. Releasing hormones
4. Both signals from the nervous system and chemical changes in the blood.

Question 13

Hormones released from the hypothalamus…

Answer 13

Controls hormone release from the anterior pituitary gland

Question 14

The anterior pituitary gland is comprised of:

Answer 14

1. Pars Distalis

2. Pars Tuberalis

Question 15

7 Hormones secreted by:

Answer 15

5 types of anterior pituitary cells.

Question 16

Somatotrophs:

Answer 16

Anterior pituitary cell secretes human growth hormone

Question 17

Growth Hormone:

Answer 17

anterior pituitary hormone stimulates general body growth.

Question 18

Prolactin:

Answer 18

Anterior pituitary hormones stimulate milk production

Question 19

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone:

Answer 19

Anterior pituitary hormones stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol.

Question 20

Luteinizing Hormone:

Answer 20

Anterior pituitary hormones stimulates the gonads to secrete progesterone and/or testosterone.

Question 21

Hormones secreted by the Posterior Pituitary Gland:

Answer 21

1. Oxytocin

2. Antidiuretic Hormone

Question 22

The amount of ADH that is secreted by the posterior pituitary glands varies with:

Answer 22

Blood osmotic pressure

Question 23

Calcitonin

Answer 23

opposes the action of parathyroid hormone

Question 24

Parathyroid Hormone is

Answer 24

the major regulator of the plasma concentration Calcium

Question 25

Steps in the synthesis and secretion of T3 and T4:

Answer 25

1. Iodide trapping 2. Oxidation of iodide 3. Coupling of T1 and T2 4. Iodination of tyrosine

Question 26

Dehydration would result from:

Answer 26

hypo secretion of aldosterone.

Question 27

Insulin:

Answer 27

blood-glucose lowering hormone is produced by the pancreatic islet cells

Question 28

Thyroid Hormone:

Answer 28

promotes increases in the basal metabolic rate (BMR)

Question 29

Glucagon:

Answer 29

hormone are released in response to decreases in blood glucose concentration

Question 30

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG):

Answer 30

produced by the placenta

Question 31

Leptin:

Answer 31

produced by the adipose tissue.

Question 32

Hormones that play key regulatory roles in the body's long term response to stress:

Answer 32

1. Cortisol 2. hGH 3. Thyroid Hormone

Question 33

Common response of the body to long-term stress:

Answer 33

1. Increased lipolysis 2. Increased glycongenesis 3. Increased gluconeogenesis 4. Increased breakdown of proteins

Question 34

Melatonin:

Answer 34

An amine hormone derived from serotonin

Question 35

Hypothyroidism during adulthood can produce:

Answer 35

myxedema

Question 36

Possible progression of goiter:

Answer 36

1. Inadequate dietary iodine intake 2. Low level of thyroid hormone in blood 3. Increased TSH secretion 4. Thyroid gland enlargement

Question 37

Hirsutism:

Answer 37

An abnormal condition of excess androgen secretion, observed primarily in women, that is characterized by the presence of excessive body and facial hair in a male pattern.

Question 38

Gynecomastia:

Answer 38

A condition characterized by excessive development of mammary glands in a male.

Question 39

Ectoderm:

Answer 39

germ layer the anterior pituitary gland develop from during embryonic development

Question 40

Endoderm:

Answer 40

germ layer the thyroid gland develop from during the embryonic development

Question 41

Ectoderm germ layer...

Answer 41

does the adrenal medulla develop from during embryonic development

Question 42

Mesoderm:

Answer 42

Endocrine tissues that secrete steroid hormones all are derived from

Question 43

Characteristics of an exocrine gland:

Answer 43

1. Initially secretes its products into a duct. 2. Secretes materials onto outer surface of the body. 3. Secretes materials into the lumen of hollow organs

Question 44

Effect of glucocorticoid stimulation:

Answer 44

1. Protein and fat breakdown 2. Glucose formation 3. Depression of immune responses 4. Reduction of inflammation

Question 45

Parathyroid hormone is released

Answer 45

from the parathyroid gland

Question 46

Insulin releases

Answer 46

from the pancreas

Question 47

Glucagon release

Answer 47

from the pancreas

Question 48

ADH release

Answer 48

from the posterior pituitary gland.