Cardiovascular System (review) Flashcards
1
Q
Functions of Blood
A
- contributes to homeostasis by transporting respiratory gases, nutrients, and hormones to and from your body’s cells.
- Helps regulate body pH and temperature
- Provides protection through it’s clotting mechanisms and immune defenses
2
Q
Normal Range of Blood pH is…
A
7.35-7.45
3
Q
Hematocrit is..
A
the percentage of RBCs in a whole blood sample.
4
Q
Plasma Proteins are…
A
- Albumin
- Globulin
- Fibrinogen
- Others
5
Q
Albumin
A
- Major protein in plasma
- blood viscosity
6
Q
Globulin
A
-disease resistance
-alpha, beta, gamma
blood osmotic pressure
7
Q
Fibrinogen
A
-used for blood clotting
8
Q
Hemopoeisis
A
The making of formed elements
9
Q
Megakaryoblasts will develop into…
A
a platelet
10
Q
Thrombopoetin is used to…
A
develop megakaryoblasts
11
Q
Erythropoetin is used to…
A
develop red blood cells
12
Q
Red blood cells live for…
A
120 days
13
Q
Red blood cells job…
A
to carry gas (oxygen and carbon dioxide)
14
Q
Neutrophils and Monocytes are…
A
Phagocytes
15
Q
Platelets reduce…
A
Blood loss
16
Q
Basophils are responsible for…
A
intensifying the inflammatory response and promoting hypersensitivity to reactions (allergic reactions)
17
Q
Eosinophils are important against…
A
parasitic invasion/infection
18
Q
Lymphocytes help with…
A
microbial invaders
19
Q
Neutrophils help fight against…
A
bacteria
20
Q
Granulocytes are…
A
Neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils
21
Q
3 steps during hemostasis:
A
- Vascular Spasm
- Formation of a platelet plug
- Blood Clotting (coagulation)
22
Q
Factor XIII is also known as
A
Fibrin Stablizing Factor
23
Q
Factor XIII description
A
a tough protein substance that is arranged in long fibrous chains; it is formed from fibrinogen, a soluble protein that is produced by the liver and found in blood plasma. When tissue damage results in bleeding, fibrinogen is converted at the wound into fibrin by the action of thrombin, a clotting enzyme.
24
Q
What clotting factor converts fibrinogen to fibrin?
A
Prothrombin
25
Factor XIII...
strengthens and stabilizes a blood clot
26
Hemolytic Disease of a newborn is a concern when...
mom is Rh- and baby is Rh+
27
Anti-A antibodies
B blood
28
Anti-B antibodies
A blood
29
Neither Anti-A or Anti-B antibodies
AB blood
30
Both Anti-A and Anti-B antibodies
O blood
31
Type O blood is considered...
a "universal donor". Their RBCs have no antigens on the cell surface that can potentially react with the recipients serum
32
Type AB is considered...
a "universal recipient". They have neither Anti-A or Anti-B antibodies in their serum that would destroy transfused RBCs.
33
Lymphoblasts give rise to...
leukocytes
34
Serum is...
plasma without clotting factors
35
Pernicious Anemia is caused by...
an inability of the stomach to produce intrinsic factor, which is needed for the absorption of vitamin B12 in the small intestine, which causes insufficient Hemopoeisis.
36
Anemia is
when the oxygen carrying capacity of blood is reduced.
37
Erythrocytes and Thrombocytes both have....
no nucleus
38
Umbilical Cord Transplant..
involves the donor shortly after birth
39
Pericardium
The membrane that surrounds the heart
40
Pericardial Fluid
in between the visceral and parietal pericardium
41
Myocardium is
the heart muscle
42
Anterior Interventricular Sulcus
the boundary between right and left ventricles on the surface of the heart.
43
Aortic Stenosis
a disorder in which the aortic semilunar valve is narrowed
44
Blood Flow Through the Heart (steps)
1. Right Atrium
2. Tricuspid Valve
3. Right Ventricle
4. Pulmonary semilunar valve
5. Pulmonary Artery
6. To Lungs
7. Pulmonary Vein
8. Left Atrium
9. Bicuspid Valve
10. Left Ventricle
11. Aortic semilunar Valve
12. Aorta
13. to Body
14. Superior/Inferior Vena Cave & Coronary Sinus
15. Right Atrium
45
Cardiac Conduction (steps)
1. SA Node
2. AV Node
3. Bundle of His
4. Right/Left Bundle Branches
5. Purkinje Fibers
46
Cardiac Output is...
the volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle into the aorta each minute.
47
Cardiac Output is...
the volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle into the aorta each minute. ( the volume of blood that circulates through the systemic blood vessels in 1 minute, dependent of heart rate and stroke volume)
48
The SA node sets the contraction of the heart rate at...
100 beats per minute
49
The Vagus Nerve is responsible for...
reduction of the heart rate through parasympathetic innervation
50
Increased Potassium levels in plasma will...
decrease our heart rate
51
The T wave represents...
ventricular repolarization
52
Increased Stroke Volume is caused by...
increased preload, decreased afterload and increased contractility.
53
The P wave represents...
atrial depolarization.
54
Cardiac Reserve is...
Maximum Cardiac Output vs. Resting Cardiac Output
55
Foramen Ovale...
allows blood to flow through the right atrium to the left atrium in the fetus.
56
Foramen Ovale...
opening that allows blood to flow through the right atrium to the left atrium in the fetus.
57
Hypertension causes
increase in afterload, thus lowering the stroke volume and cardiac output
58
Vascular Spasm...
is what happens to the smooth muscle layer when an artery or atriole is damaged.
59
Veins and Venules are..
the blood reservoirs
60
The most important method of capillary exchange is...
simple diffusion
61
Blood colloid osmotic pressure is...
the largest driving force for pulling fluid from the interstitial space back into the capillaries.
62
Filtration is...
pressure during movement of fluids and solutes from the blood to interstitial fluid.
63
Normal circulation time in a human is...
1 minute
64
Blood is returned through the veins by...
the skeletal muscle pump, the respiratory pump, vasoconstriction and venous valves.
65
Increased systemic vascular resistance would be...
a normal response of the cardiovascular system to decrease frequency of action potentials arising from the baroreceptors.
66
The Myogenic response of smooth muscle...
resorts in a more forceful contraction when stretched
67
Pulse pressure will increase...
during abnormal conditions such as atherosclerosis and Patent ductus arteriosus
68
Common Pulse Points....
superficial temporal, brachial and common carotid
69
The Pulmonary Trunk is divided into...
the right and left pulmonary arteries
70
The umbilical cord will turn into...
connective tissue
71
Mean Arterial Pressure...
an average blood pressure in an individual; the average arterial pressure during a single cardiac cycle
MAP= diastolic (systolic-diastolic) /3
72
Pulse Pressure....
is the difference between the systolic and diastolic pressure readings. It is measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg). It represents the force that the heart generates each time it contracts. If resting blood pressure is (systolic-diastolic) 120-80 millimeters of mercury (mmHg), pulse pressure is 40.
73
Aging causes...
Decreased cardiac output, loss of cardiac muscle strength, decline in maximum heart rate, increased systolic blood pressure
74
Blood Pressure (from greatest to lowest)...
Aorta--Arteries--Arterioles--Capillaries--Venules--Veins--Venae Cavae
75
Blood Pressure (from greatest to lowest)...
Aorta--Arteries--Arterioles--Capillaries--Venules--Veins--Venae Cavae
76
External Iliac vein
The external iliac vein returns deoxygenated blood from the legs back to the heart. It arises from the poplitear vein (at the knee), which then continues upward through the thigh as the femoral vein and feeds directly into the external iliac vein just behind the inguinal ligament in the lowest regions of the abdomen.
77
Femoral vein
is located in the upper thigh and pelvic region of the human body. It travels in close proximity to the femoral artery. Instead of draining deoxygenated blood from specific parts of the body, it receives blood from several significant branches. These include popliteal, the profunda femoris, and the great sapheneous veins.
78
Great Saphenous vein
The great saphenous vein is a large venous blood vessel running near the inside surface of the leg from the ankle to the groin. It arises from the dorsal venous arch at the top (dorsum) of the foot and drains into the femoral vein, the main deep vein for the leg.The purpose of the great vein is delivery of blood from the ankle, lower leg, and thigh to the femoral vein.
The great saphenous vein is sometimes stripped out of the leg to eliminate varicose veins. It is also used as the source of grafts in coronary bypass surgery.
79
Popliteal vein
carries blood from the knee (as well as the thigh and calf muscles) back to the heart.
The junction of the anterior tibial vein and posterior tibial vein, near the knee, defines where the popliteal originates. The popliteal artery, located behind the knee, is where the popliteal vein begins to extend. The popliteal vein drains the peroneal vein before it reaches the knee joint, where it becomes the femoral vein. This change occurs as the popliteal vein leaves the adductor canal, an open space inside the thigh that is also known as Hunter's canal.
One dangerous complication involving the popliteal vein is aneurysm.
80
Small Saphenous vein
is a relatively large superficial vein of the posterior leg.
| Usually it drains into the popliteal vein, at or above the level of the knee joint.
81
Anterior Tibial Vein
This network of veins carries blood up the legs and into the fibula and tibia.
The anterior tibial veins join the dorsalis pedis vein in the ankle and foot.
deep veins that run parallel to the anterior tibial artery. Blood is carried through superficial veins near the surface of the skin and into perforating veins, which are veins that perforate the deep fascia of muscles.
82
Dorsal Venous Arch
is superficially located near the skin surface. For most people, it should be easily visible on their foot's upper side. If a person were to press their finger against it, they should be able to feel a pulse. The pulse is from the dorsalis pedis artery.
83
Accessory Hemiazygos
is a vein on the left side of the vertebral column that generally drains the fifth through eighth intercostal spaces on the left side of the body.
84
Hemiazygos
is a vein running superiorly in the lower thoracic region, just to the left side of the vertebral column.
the hemiazygos vein and the accessory hemiazygos vein drain most of the posterior intercostal veins on the left side of the body.
85
Ascending Lumbar
The ascending lumbar vein is a paired structure. It starts at the lateral sacral veins, and it runs superiorly, intersecting with the lumbar veins as it crosses them.
When the ascending lumbar vein crosses the subcostal vein, it becomes one of the following:
the azygos vein (in the case of the right ascending lumbar vein)
the hemiazygos vein (in the case of the left ascending lumbar vein)
86
Renal Vein
branch off the inferior vena cava and drain oxygen-depleted blood from the kidneys.
As they enter the kidneys, each vein separates into two parts. The posterior veins assist in draining the back section of each kidney, while the anterior veins assist the front part. These veins also are responsible for draining blood from the ureter, which transports urine away from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.
87
Suprarenal vein
the right ends in the inferior vena cava.
the left ends in the left renal or left inferior phrenic vein.
They receive blood from the adrenal glands and will sometimes form anastomoses with the inferior phrenic veins.
88
Pericardial vein
several small veins from the pericardium emptying directly into the brachiocephalic veins or superior vena cava.
89
Azygos vein
a vein running up the side of the thoracic vertebral column draining itself towards the superior vena cava. It connects the systems of superior vena cava and inferior vena cava and can provide an alternative path for blood to the right atrium when either of the venae cavae is blocked
90
Common Carotid Artery
The carotid artery is a major artery located in the front of the neck. Through the carotid artery, blood from the heart goes to the brain. There are 2 "common" carotid arteries -- the right and left common carotid arteries -- one on each side of the neck. Together, the right and left common carotid arteries provide the principal blood supply to the head and neck.
The left common carotid arises directly from the aorta (the huge artery that distributes blood from the heart to the body). The right common carotid artery arises from the brachiocephalic artery which, in turn, comes off the aorta.
91
Subclavian Artery
The subclavian arteries supply oxygen rich blood to the arms and also branch out to supply portions of the brain, neck, and chest. There are two subclavian arteries, which originate from different positions. The left subclavian artery extends from the arch of the aorta to the left side of the upper body.
92
Arch of Aorta
The arch of the aorta is the second major anatomical region of the aorta; it curves above the heart between the ascending and descending aorta. All of the blood delivered from the heart to the systemic tissues of the body passes through the aorta, making it the largest artery in the human body.
93
Ligamentum Ateriosum
The ligamentum arteriosum (Latin: arterial ligament) is a small ligament that is the remnant of the ductus arteriosus formed within three weeks after birth. At the superior end, the ligamentum attaches to the aorta-at the final part of the arch of aorta (the isthmus of aorta) or the first part of the descending aorta.
94
Pulmonary Trunk
In the human heart, the pulmonary trunk (pulmonary artery or main pulmonary artery) begins at the base of the right ventricle. It is short and wide-approximately 5 centimetres (2.0 in) in length and 3 centimetres (1.2 in) in diameter.
95
Descending Aorta
The descending aorta begins at the arch of the aorta (where it loops over the heart to begin its descent). It is divided into two segments, the thoracic and the abdominal.
96
Auricle of Right Atrium
The Auricle increases the volume of the atrium. Right auricle collects the deoxygenated blood and pushes it to the right ventricle.
97
Brachial Artery
The deep brachial artery (or deep artery of arm) is also known as the profunda artery. It is the primary blood vessel in the upper arm. This artery supplies blood to the muscles of the upper arm and to the shaft of the humerus. Once it branches, it also supplies blood to the elbow joint, the forearm, and the hand.
98
Radial Artery
the radial artery is the main artery of the lateral aspect of the forearm. The radial artery arises from the bifurcation of the brachial artery in the cubital fossa. It runs distally on the anterior part of the forearm. There, it serves as a landmark for the division between the anterior and posterior compartments of the forearm, with the posterior compartment beginning just lateral to the artery. The artery winds laterally around the wrist, passing through the anatomical snuff box and between the heads of the first dorsal interosseous muscle. It passes anteriorly between the heads of the adductor pollicis, and becomes the deep palmar arch, which joins with the deep branch of the ulnar artery
99
Ulnar Artery
The ulnar artery is the main blood vessel, with oxygenated blood, of the medial aspect of the forearm. It arises from the brachial artery and terminates in the superficial palmar arch, which joins with the superficial branch of the radial artery. It is palpable on the anterior and medial aspect of the wrist.
100
Superficial Palmar Arch artery
The superficial palmar arch is formed predominantly by the ulnar artery, with a contribution from the superficial palmar branch of the radial artery. However, in some individuals the contribution from the radial artery might be absent, and instead anastomoses with either the princeps pollicis artery, the radialis indicis artery, or the median artery, the former two of which are branches from the radial artery.
101
Brachiocephalic Trunk
The brachiocephalic artery is an artery of the mediastinum that supplies blood to the right arm and the head and neck. It is the first branch of the aortic arch, and soon after it emerges, the brachiocephalic artery divides into the right common carotid artery and the right subclavian artery.
102
Right Atrium
The right upper chamber of the heart. The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body through the vena cava and pumps it into the right ventricle which then sends it to the lungs to be oxygenated.
103
Coronary Sulcus
The atria of the heart are separated from the ventricles by the coronary sulcus (also called coronary groove, auriculoventricular groove, atrioventricular groove, AV groove); this contains the trunks of the nutrient vessels of the heart, and is deficient in front, where it is crossed by the root of the pulmonary trunk.
104
Right Ventricle
he right ventricle is the chamber within the heart that is responsible for pumping oxygen-depleted blood to the lungs. The right ventricle is one of the heart’s four chambers. It is located in the lower right portion of the heart below the right atrium and opposite the left ventricle.
105
Auricle of Left Atrium
new blood from the lungs fills the left atrium and left auricle again for the next round of pumping.
106
Left Ventricle
The left lower chamber of the heart that receives blood from the left atrium and pumps it out under high pressure through the aorta to the body.
107
Coronary Artery
Coronary arteries are blood vessels that provide oxygen-rich blood and other nutrients to the heart muscle. The coronary arteries attach to and wrap around the heart's surface. The left coronary artery branches off into smaller arteries.
108
Marginal Branch
largest of the ventricular branches of the right coronary artery; courses along the right margin of the heart, and is of sufficient caliber and length to reach the apex
109
Circumflex Branch
The Circumflex (Circ) coronary artery is a branch of the left main coronary artery. It travels in the left atrio-ventricular groove that separates the left atrium from the left ventricle. The Circ moves away from the LAD and wraps around to the back of the heart.
110
Posterior Interventricular Branch
an artery running in the posterior interventricular sulcus to the apex of the heart where it meets with the anterior interventricular artery. It supplies the posterior 1/3 of the interventricular septum.
111
Neutrophils--a HIGH count indicates:
bacterial infection, burns, stress, inflammation
112
Neutrophils--a LOW count indicates:
radiation exposure, drug toxicity, vitamin B12 deficiency, systemic lupus erythematosus
113
Lymphocytes--a HIGH count indicates:
viral infections, some leukemia's, infectious mononucleosis
114
Lymphocytes--a LOW count indicates
prolonged illness, HIV infection, immunosuppression, treatment with cortisol
115
Monocytes--a HIGH count indicates
viral/fungal infections, tuberculosis, some leukemia's, other chronic diseases
116
Monocytes--a LOW count indicates
Bone marrow suppression, treatment with cortisol
117
Eosinophils--a HIGH count indicates
allergic reactions, parasitic infections, autoimmune dieases
118
Eosinophils--a LOW count indicates
Drug toxicity, stress, acute allergic reactions
119
Basophils--a HIGH count indicates
allergic reactions, leukemias, cancers, hypothyroidism
120
Basophils--a LOW count indicates
Pregnancy, ovulation, stress, hypothyroidism
121
High counts of these WBCs may indicate leukemia:
Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Basophils
122
High counts of these may indicate viral infections:
Lymphocytes, Monocytes
123
High counts of these may indicate allergic reactions:
Eosinophils and Basophils
124
Low counts of these may indicate treatment with cortisol
Lymphocytes and monocytes
125
Low counts of these may indicate drug toxicity
Neutrophils and eosinophils
