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Bio 20 > Digestive > Flashcards

Digestive Flashcards

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1
Q

Define carbohydrate

A

A molecule composed of sugar subunits that contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio

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2
Q

Define polymer

A

A molecule composed of three or more subunits

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3
Q

Define monosaccharide

A

A single sugar unit

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4
Q

Define isomer

A

One of a group of chemicals that have the same chemical formula but different arrangements

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5
Q

Define disaccharide

A

A sugar formed by the joining of two monosaccharide subunits

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6
Q

Define dehydration synthesis

A

The process by which larger molecules are formed by the removal of water from two smaller molecules

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7
Q

Define hydrolysis

A

The process by which larger molecules are split into smaller molecules by the addition of water

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8
Q

Define polysaccharide

A

A carbohydrate composed of many single sugar subunits

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9
Q

Define starch

A

A plant carbohydrate used to store energy

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10
Q

Define glycogen

A

The form of carbohydrate storage in animals

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11
Q

Define cellulose

A

A plant polysaccharide that makes up plant cell walls

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12
Q

Define triglyceride

A

A lipid composed of glycerol and three fatty acids

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13
Q

Define fat

A

A lipid composed of glycerol and saturated fatty acids, solid at room temperature

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14
Q

Define oil

A

A lipid composed of glycerol and unsaturated fatty acids, liquid at room temperature

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15
Q

Define phospholipid

A

A lipid with a phosphate molecule attached to the glycerol backbone, making the molecule polar. The main components of cell membrane

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16
Q

Define wax

A

A long chain lipid that is insoluble in water

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17
Q

Define protein

A

A chain of amino acids that form the structural parts of cells or act as antibodies or enzymes

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18
Q

Define amino acids

A

A chemical that contains nitrogen; can be linked together to form proteins

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19
Q

Define peptide bonds

A

The bond that joins amino acids

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20
Q

Define polypeptide

A

A chain of three or more amino acids

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21
Q

Define essential amino acids

A

An amino acid that must be obtained from the diet

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22
Q

Define denaturation

A

The process that occurs when the bonds of a protein molecule are disrupted causing a momentary change in shape

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23
Q

Define coagulation

A

The process that occurs when the bonds of a protein molecule are disrupted, causing a permanent change in shape

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24
Q

Define catalyst

A

A chemical that increases the rate of chemical reactions without altering the products or being altered itself

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25
Q

Define enzyme

A

A protein catalyst that permits chemical reactions to proceed at low temperatures

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26
Q

Define substrate

A

A molecule on which an enzyme works

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27
Q

Define active site

A

The area of an enzyme that combines with the substance

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28
Q

Define cofactor

A

An inorganic ion that helps and enzyme combine with a substrate molecule

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29
Q

Define competitive inhibitor

A

A molecule with a shape complimentary to a specific enzymes that competes with the substrate to access the active site of the enzyme and blocks chemical reactions

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30
Q

Define feedback inhibition

A

The inhibition of an enzyme in a metabolic pathway by the final product of that pathway

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31
Q

Define precursor activity

A

The activation of the last enzyme in a metabolic pathway by the initial substrate

32
Q

Define allosteric activity

A

A change in an enzyme caused by the binding of a molecule

33
Q

Define amylase

A

An enzyme that breaks down complex carbohydrates such as starch

34
Q

Define peristalsis

A

Rhythmic, wavelike contractions of muscle that move food along the gastrointestinal tract

35
Q

Define sphincter

A

A constrictor muscle that regulates the opening and closing of a tubelike structure

36
Q

Define mucus

A

A protective lubricating substance composed mainly of protein

37
Q

Define pepsin

A

A protein digesting enzyme produced in the stomach

38
Q

Define ulcer

A

A lesion on the surface of an organ

39
Q

Define duodenum

A

The first segment of the small intestine

40
Q

Define villi

A

Small fingerlike projections that extend into the small intestine to increase surface area for absorption

41
Q

Define microvilli

A

Microscopic, fingerlike projections of the cell membrane

42
Q

Define capillary

A

A blood vessel that connects arteries and veins; the site of fluid and gas exchange

43
Q

Define lacteal

A

A small vessel that transports the products of fat digestion to the circulatory system

44
Q

Define secretin

A

A hormone released from the duodenum that stimulates pancreatic and bile secretions

45
Q

Define enterokinase

A

An enzyme of the small intestine that converts trypsinogen trypsin

46
Q

Define trypsin

A

A protein digesting enzyme

47
Q

Define erepsin

A

An enzyme that completes protein digestion by converting short chain peptides to amino acids

48
Q

Define lipase

A

A lipid digesting enzyme

49
Q

Define bile salts

A

A component of bile that breaks down large fat globules

50
Q

Define cholecystokinin

A

A hormone secreted by the small intestine that stimulates the release of bile salts

51
Q

Define detoxify

A

To remove the effects of a poison

52
Q

Define gallstone

A

Crystals of bile salts that form in the gallbladder

53
Q

Define jaundice

A

The yellowish discolouration of the skin and other tissues brought about by the collection of bile pigments in the blood

54
Q

Define cirrhosis

A

Chronic inflammation of the liver tissue characterized by the growth of non functioning fibrous tissue

55
Q

Define colon

A

The largest segment of the large intestine, where water reabsorption occurs

56
Q

Define gastrin

A

A hormone secreted by the stomach that stimulates the release of hydrochloric acid

57
Q

Define enterogastrone

A

A hormone secreted by the small intestine that decreases gastric secretions motility

58
Q

What are the five chemicals of life?

A 
Vitamins and minerals 
Lipids 
Nuclei acids
Proteins
Carbohydrates
59
Q

Carbohydrates are molecules that contain ____________, ____________, and ___________.

A

Hydrogen
Oxygen
Carbon

60
Q

What is the preferred source of energy for cells?

A

Carbohydrates

61
Q

Lipids are compounds formed from____________ and ________________

A

Glycerol

Fatty acids

62
Q

Lipids are ________________ compounds

A

Energy storing

63
Q

Proteins are molecules constructed of ________________. Proteins are the ___________ components of cells.

A

Amino acids

Structural

64
Q

What does saliva contain and what is its function?

A

Saliva contains amylase enzymes that break down carbohydrates and activates taste buds and lubricates food

65
Q

What is the function of the mouth

A

Chewing and digestion of starch

66
Q

What is the function of the stomach

A

Storage of food and initial digestion’s of proteins

67
Q

What is the function of the small intestine

A

Digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids; the absorption of nutrients

68
Q

What is the function of the pancreas

A

Production of digestive enzymes that act on food in the small intestine; storage of bicarbonate ions that neutralize stomach aid in the small intestine

69
Q

What is the function of the large intestine

A

Absorption of water and storage of undigested food

70
Q

What do the salivary glads secrete and what is their function

A

Salivary amylase

Initiates the breakdown of polysaccharides to simpler carbohydrates

71
Q

What does the stomach secrete and what is its function in digestion

A

Hydrochloric acid, pepsinogen, mucus
HCl converts pepsinogen to pepsin. Pepsinogen kills microbes when converted to pepsin, initiates the digestion of proteins. Mucus protects the stomach from pepsin and HCl

72
Q

What does the pancreas secrete and what is its function in digestion

A

Pancreatic amylase, bicarbonate ions, trypsinogen, lipase
Pancreatic amylase continues the breakdown of carbohydrates into disaccharides. Bicarbonate ions neutralize HCl from the stomach. Trypsinogen when activated to trypsin, converts long chain peptides into short chain peptides. Lipase breaks down fats to glycerol and fatty acids

73
Q

What does the small intestine secrete and what is its purpose in digestion

A

Erepsin, disaccharidases

Erepsin completes the breakdown of proteins, dissaccharidases break down disaccharides into monosaccharides

74
Q

What does the liver secrete and what is its function in digestion

A

Bile

Biles emulsifies fat

75
Q

What does the gallbladder secrete and what is it function

A

Bile

Bile stores and secretes concentrated bile from the liver

76
Q

What does the large intestine secrete and what is its function

A

Mucus

Mucus helps movement of food waste

Bio 20 (5 decks)

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