Circulatory Flashcards
Define artery
A blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart
Define pulse
Change in the diameter of the arteries following heart contractions
Define autonomic nervous system
The part of the nervous system that controls the motor nerves that regulate equilibrium, not under conscious control
Define vasoconstriction
The narrowing of blood vessels, allowing less blood to the tissues
Define vasodilation
The widening of blood vessels, allowing more blood to the tissues
Define atherosclerosis
A degeneration of blood vessels caused by the accumulation of fat deposits in the inner wall
Define arteriosclerosis
A group of disorders that cause the blood vessels to thicken, harden, and lose their elasticity
Define aneurysm
A bulge in the weakened wall of a blood vessel, usually an artery
Define vein
A blood vessel that carries blood towards the heart
Define septum
A wall of muscle that separates the right and left sides of the heart
Define pulmonary circulatory
The system of blood vessels that carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs and oxygenated blood back to the heart
Define systemic circulatory system
The system of blood vessels that carries oxygenated blood to the tissues of the body and deoxygenated blood back to the heart
Define atrium
A thin walled chamber of the heart that receives blood from veins
Define ventricle
A muscular, thick walled chamber of the heart that delivers blood to the arteries
Define artioventricular (AV) valve
A heart valve that prevents the back flow of blood from a ventricle into an atrium
Define semilunar valve
A valve that prevents the back flow of blood from and artery into a ventricle
Define aorta
The largest artery in the body, carries oxygenated blood to the tissues
Define coronary artery
An artery that supplies the cardiac muscle with oxygen and nutrients
Define myogenic muscle
Muscle that contracts without external nerve stimulation
Define sinoatrial (SA) node
A small mass of tissue in the right atrium that originates the impulses stimulating the heartbeat
Define atrioventricular (AV) node
A small mass of tissue in the right atrioventricular region through which impulses from the sinoatrial node are passed to the ventricles
Define purkinje fibre
A nerve fibre that branches and carries electrical impulses throughout the ventricles
Define sympathetic nervous system
A division of the autonomic nervous system that prepares the body for stress
Define parasympathetic nervous system
A division of the autonomic nervous system that returns the body to normal resting levels following adjustments to stress
Define diastole
Relaxation (dilation) of the heart, during which the atria fill with blood
Define systole
Contraction of the heart, during which blood is pushed out of the heart
Define cardiac output
The amount of blood pumped from the heart each minute
Define stroke volume
The quantity of blood pumped with each beat of the heart
Define sphygmomanometer
A device used to measure blood pressure
Define thermoregulation
Maintenance of body temperature within a range that enables cells to function efficiently
Define hypothalamus
Region of a vertebrates brain responsible for coordinating many nerve and hormone functions
Define extracellular fluid (EFC)
Fluid that occupies the spaces between cells and tissues, includes plasma and interstitial fluid
Define filtration
The selective movement of materials through capillary walls by a pressure gradient
Define lymph
The fluid found in lymph vessels that contains some proteins that have leaked through capillary walls
Define lymph node
A mass of tissue that stores lymphocytes and removes bacteria and foreign particles from the lymph
Define lymphocyte
A white blood cell that produces antibodies
Define spleen
A lymphoid organ that acts as a reservoir for blood and a filtering site for lymph
Define thymus gland
A lymphoid organ in which T lymphocytes mature
Define plasma
The fluid portion of the blood
Define erythrocyte
A red blood cell that contains hemoglobin and carries oxygen
Define anemia
The reduction in blood oxygen due to low levels of hemoglobin or poor red blood cell production
Define leukocyte
A white blood cell
Define platelet
A component of blood responsible for initiating blood clotting
Define thrombus
A blood clot that forms within a blood vessel and blocks it
Define embolus
A blood clot that dislodges and is carried by the circulatory system to another part of the body
Define antigen
A substance, usually protein, that stimulates the formation of an antibody
Define antibody
A protein formed within the blood that reacts with an antigen
Define agglutination
The clumping of blood cells caused by antigens and antibodies
Define phagocytosis
The process by which a white blood cell engulfs and chemically destroys a microbe
Define macrophage
A phagocytic white blood cells found in lymph nodes, bone marrow, and the spleen and liver
Define pus
A thick liquid composed of protein fragments from digested leukocytes and microbes
Define inflammatory response
Localized nonspecific response triggered when tissue cells are injured by bacteria or physical injury, characterized by swelling, heat, redness, and pain
Define complement protein
A plasma protein that helps defend against invading microbes by tagging the microbe for phagocytosis, puncturing cell membranes, or triggering the formation of a mucous coating
Define T cell
A lymphocyte, manufacturer in the bone marrow and processed by the thymus gland, that identifies and attacks foreign substances
Define B cell
A lymphocyte, made and processed in the bone marrow, that produces antibodies
Define receptor site
A port along a cell membrane into which hormones, nutrients, and other needed materials fit
Define helper T cell
A T cell with receptors that bind to fragments of antigens
Define lymphokine
A protein produced by the T cells that acts as a chemical messenger between other T cells and B cells
Define killer T cell
A T cell that destroys microbes, body cells infected with viruses, and mutated cells by puncturing cell membranes
Define suppressor T cell
A T cell that turns off the immune system
Define memory B cell
A B cell that retains information about the shape of an antigen
Define pluripotent cell
A cell that is capable of developing into a number of specialized cell, such as neutron or muscle cell
The pulmonary circulatory system is the system of blood vessels that carries blood to and from the _________. The systematic circulatory system is the system of blood vessels that carries blood to and from the __________.
Lungs
Body
Proteins in the EFC are returned to the circulatory system by the ______________________________
Lymphatic system
Lymph nodes house ____________________
White blood cells
Erythrocytes function primarily to transport ____________
Oxygen
What is the universal recipient blood type
AB
What is the universal donor blood type
Type O
_______ and _______ membranes provide physical barriers that prevent most infectious organisms from entering the body
Skin and mucous
What is the function of the helper T cells
Act as sentries to identify foreign invading substances
What is the function of B cells
To produce antibodies
What is the function of killer T cells
Puncture cell membranes of infected cells, thereby killing the cell
What is the function of suppressor T cells
They turn off the immune system
What is the function of memory B cells
Retain information about the shape of an antigen
Where are beta 1 receptors found
The surface of cardiac muscle
Where are beta 2 receptors found
The blood vessels and bronchioles leading into the lungs
