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BLOCK 3- WEEK 1, YOU ARE WHAT YOU EAT > DiGESTION AND ABSORPTION OF CARBOHYDRATES AND PROTEIN > Flashcards

DiGESTION AND ABSORPTION OF CARBOHYDRATES AND PROTEIN Flashcards

1
Q

what are sugars broken down into?

A

sugars are broken down into monosacharides

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2
Q

what are fats broken down into?

A

fats are broken down into free fatty acids and glycerol.

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3
Q

what are proteins broken down into?

A

proteins are broken down into amino acids.

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4
Q

what enzymes are found in the mouth?

A

amylase

lingual lipase

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5
Q

what enzyemes are found in the stomach ?

A

pepsin
gastric acid
lipase

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6
Q

what enzymes are found in the pancreas?

A

amylase
lipase
phosppholipase
esterase

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7
Q

how much fluid is handled by the body daily in an average person?

A

around 6700ml in the average person

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8
Q

what are the components in saliva?

A

water
ions
salivary amylase
lysozyme

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9
Q

How much saliva is produced by these 3 salivary glands on avaerage?

A

around 1.5 litres

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10
Q

what cells are found in the salivary glands and their function?

A

acini cells- enzyme and protein release
myoepithelial cell- contract and help the extrusion (pushing out) by other cells.
flattened low cubiodal cells- the intercalated duct
columnar cells- stratified duct and synthaise a component of IgA

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11
Q

what are the three main areas of the stomach?

A

cardia (entry)
gastric (body)
pyloric( exit)

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12
Q

what are the cell types found in the stomach?

A 
mucous cells
parietal cells
chief cells
enteroendocrine
stem cells
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13
Q

what is the function of mucus cells?

A

To secrete mucus to protect the epitheila linning of the stomach from acid secretions.

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14
Q

The function of the parietal cells?

A

Secretion of pepsingogen (precuser of pespsin which is a proteolytic enzyme)

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15
Q

what is the function of the enteroendocrine?

A

Its function is to secrete protein hormones such as VIP and somatostatin.
gastric in secreted in the pyloric region in the g cells of the pyloric antrum

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16
Q

what re the function of stem cells in the stomach?

A

to give rise to new cells to replace old mucosa and grandular epithelial cells.

17
Q

name one type of a entroendrocrine cell?

A

One type of an entroendocrine cell is the entrochomafffin-like cell.

18
Q

what are the phases of gastric acid secretion?

A

cephalic phase: smell/sight / taste (channeld up by the vagus nerve)

gastic phase : food in the stomach ( highest amount of acid secretion)

intestinal phase: chyme in the duodenum

19
Q

How is gastric acid in the stomach produced?

A

Histamine is procuced by the enterochaffin cell ( which is an entroemndocrine cells)and binds to the H2 receptor on the parietal cell. this leads to the actication and concersion of adenylate cyclase to CAMP. Gastin prodcued by the g cells ( pyloric atrum) can stimulate the parietal cell indirectly and directly. indriectly by binding to cck2 on ecl and causing the realse of histamine. directly by binding to cck2 on the parietal cell receptor and activating phospholipase c which induced the relase of cytosolic ca2+.
ACH- release by neurons can bind to m3 on parietal cell. m3 are coupled receptors and when bound to they cause the realse of intracellular calcium.
camp and ca2+ then combine and activate protein kinase, which then activates h+, k+ atpase( which is a proton pump.)

20
Q

what is the secrestion and ihibition of gatrin?

A

Gastrin is secreted in the stomach in reponse to food.
It stimulates the acid and pepsiogen secretion ( by chief cells).
It inhibits gastric emptying.

21
Q

What is the secretin andinhibition of secretin?

A

secretin is secreted by the duodenum in response to acid.
it hibits gastric acid production
and increases pancreatic and biliary bicarbonate secretion

22
Q

what is chloecystokinins secretion and inhibition?

A

cholecystolkinin is secreted by the duodenum in reponse to food
inhibits gastric secretion and motility
stimulates pancreasic bicarbonate and enzyme secretion

23
Q

what is somatostatins scretion and inhibition?

A

somatostain is released from d cells in the stomach and duodenum in response to acid- it inhibits gastic secretion.

BLOCK 3- WEEK 1, YOU ARE WHAT YOU EAT (5 decks)

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