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biochemistry > digestion and absorption > Flashcards

digestion and absorption Flashcards

1
Q

What enzyme is mainly seen in the Jejunum?

A

pancreactic enzymes

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2
Q

what are the 4 enzymes found in the pancreas?

A

pancreatic alpha amylase, protease, nuclease & phosphodiesterase

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3
Q

What does pancreatic alpha amylase do?

A

pancreatic alpha amylase starts in the jejunum and acts on oligosaccharides to form disaccharides( maltose-2 glucose molecules, lactose-galactose and glucose, isomaltose, sucrose-fructose and glucose, this are absorbed in the illeum whic is the last part of reabsorption

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4
Q

what is protease?

A

an enzyme that cleaves proteins

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5
Q

what is nuclease and phosphodiesterase function?

A

They digest RNA and DNA to mononucleotides, which are taken up into te mucosal cell

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6
Q

Where is alpha amylase and lingual lipase found?

A

enzymes found in the mouth

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7
Q

why is lingual lipase important?

A

it is important because of milk digestion in infants

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8
Q

what does salivary amylase do?

A

cleaves the alpha 1:4 glycosidic bonds of starch and glycogen and denatures in the stomach so carbohydrate stops before it reaches the stomach where it is a acidic enviornment

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9
Q

what is pancreatitis?

A

inflammation of the pancreas

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10
Q

what cause pancreatitis?

A

active trysin in the pancreas or duct where it is not suppose to be,ETHANOL ABUSE( most common), blockage of duct(gallstones, tumor), HYPERTRIACYLGLYCEROLEMIA(elevated lipoproteins with % of TAGS)

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11
Q

what does ethanol abuse cause?

A

pancreatitis

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12
Q

elevation of lipoproteins with a % of TAGS causes what?

A

Hypertriacylglycerolemia-pancreatitis

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13
Q

why is pancreatic lipase importatn when it it elevated in the blood stream?

A

its is an injury marker for the pancreas—> pancreatitis (serum lipase/ alphaamylase 2)

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14
Q

what happens at the cellular level with cycstic fibrosis?

A

there is a deficiency in the CFTR transporter which causes and increase in mucus which blocks the pancreatic duct

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15
Q

what can cholelithiasis cause?

A

the cholesterol gallstone disease- which can result from reduced secretion of bile salts, or also from enhanced billary cholesterol secretion

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16
Q

what does cholelithiasis ( cholesterol gallstone disease) cause?

A

over saturation of bile with cholesterol( 90%) duct, and blocked cystic duct

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17
Q

where are cholesterol gallstones commonly found?

A

cystic duct or in the AMPULLA OF VATER

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18
Q

what happens with the blockage of bile ducts?

A

lead to reduced digestion of lipids and also impairs the release of conjugated BILIBRUBIN and leads to obstructive JAUNDICE

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19
Q

what is alkaline phosphatase?

A

serum marker from the irritated and blocked bile ducts

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20
Q

What is steatorrhea?

A

fat in feces

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21
Q

What happens in Primary Lactose intolerance?

A

lactase activity is highest in infants and 90 % of lactase declines with age ( the diet should be low in lactose)- fermentation, leads to dehydration

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22
Q

what is secondary lactase?

A

due to damage or loss of intestinal mucosal cells EX. food poisoning

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23
Q

What is the most severe lactase deficency?

A

Cogenital lactase deficiency

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24
Q

Why is lactose found inthe Large intestine a bad thing?

A

because it is not suppose to be there, it was supposedtobe cleaved by lactase in the small intestine

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25
Q

What happens in secondary lactose?

A

severe diarrhea or gastroenteritis due to ROTAVIRUS and can lead to intestinal injury

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26
Q

What disease does secondary lactose intolerance cause?

A

Celiac disease is a immune mediated damage in response to gluten ( proteins in grains)

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27
Q

What type of disorder is congential lactase deficiency?

A

autosomal recessive

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28
Q

what happens in congential lactase deficency?

A

Ingestio og milk would lead to severe diarrhea and dangerous dehydration or even death!

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29
Q

What are the cells found in the duodenum?

A

Gastrin, parietal, mucus, chief, epithelial mucousal,bile salts,pancreatic lipase

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30
Q

What do G cells produce?

A

Gastrin

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31
Q

where is Gastrin found?

A

in the antrum of stomach

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32
Q

What does gastrin release?

A

Gastric acid

33
Q

What do cheif cells produce?

A

pepsinogen, and gastric lipase

34
Q

What is pepsinogen when it is activated?

A

Pepsin

35
Q

what type of enzyme is pepsin?

A

endopeptidase

36
Q

pepsin does enzymatic proteolysis by?

A

helping to cleave mor pepsinogen

37
Q

where is pepsinogen found?

A

the pancreas

38
Q

where is pepsin found?

A

it is found in the lumen of the stomach

39
Q

from the chief cell, gastric lipase is produced to do what?

A

cleaveTAGS with medium chain fatty acid

40
Q

What arethe two thing that parietal cells produce?

A

HCL, intrinsic factor

41
Q

what does HCL do?

A

it denatures proteins and kills bacteria and fungi because of low acidic pH

42
Q

what does the intrinsic factor do from parietal cells?

A

it secrets B12

43
Q

Where is the intrinsic factor B12 secreted?

A

In the ilieum

44
Q

What cells are found n the duodenum?

A

epithelial mucosal cells

45
Q

What do epithelial mucosal cells do?

A

they make secretin which stimulates pancreatic HCO3 secretion

46
Q

what does Cholecystokinin do?

A

it stimulates gallbladder emptying, inhibits gastric mobility, and activates ENTEROPEPTIDASE

47
Q

what are the enteropeptidases?

A

Trypsin, Chymotrypsin, Elastase, Colipase, Phospholipase A

48
Q

what do enteropeptidases do?

A

cleave proteins at the COOH end of specific amino acids

49
Q

what does trypsin cleave?

A

cleaves Arg or Lys ( both have a positive charge)

50
Q

What is trypsin stopped by?

A

trypsin is stopped by trypsin inhibitor protein, and the the inhibitor protein is digested in the duodenum

51
Q

Does trypsin have a long and narrow pocket?

A

yes

52
Q

Where is trypsin active?

A

in the duodenum

53
Q

what typeof pocket does chymotrypsin have?

A

It is wide and large

54
Q

What does chymotrypsin do?

A

cleaves after bulky aromatic

55
Q

what does elastase cleave?

A

gly, ala, ser

56
Q

what kind of pocket does elastase have?

A

small pocket

57
Q

why is colipase needed ?

A

it is needed to anchor pancreatic lipase

58
Q

What does colipase do?

A

pushes bile salts away from TAGS and anchors pancreatic lipase to lipid droplets

59
Q

What does bile salts do?

A

transport free cholesterol from liver to duodenum

60
Q

where is bile produced?

A

in the liver / hepatic billary canaliculi

61
Q

what are the contents of bile?

A

glycine, taurine, PC, free cholesterol, bilrubon

62
Q

what phospholipids does bile contain?

A

PC- improves solubility of free cholesterol

63
Q

What enzyme is found in the duodenum?

A

Pancreatic lipase

64
Q

what does pancreatic lipase do ?

A

forms molecule that can enter intestinal mucosal cell(MAG)

65
Q

what is pancreatic lipases function?

A

digestion of TAGs

66
Q

what does pancreatic lipase need?

A

it requires bile salts and lyso-PC

67
Q

what salts do bile make?

A

Bile salts

68
Q

where are bile salts released?

A

in the caniliculi by active transport via ABC transporter

69
Q

what are Bile salts formed with?

A

formed in the liver with bile acids and gly or taurine

70
Q

what are the 2 primary bile acids?

A

cholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid

71
Q

what does cholic acid produce?

A

deoxycholic acid

72
Q

whats does chenodeoxycholic acid produce?

A

lithocholic acid

73
Q

what is the precursor of bile salts when it is synthesized denovo?

A

cholesterol

74
Q

what are bile salts used for?

A

to emulsify the dietary lipids for digestion=(chyme)

75
Q

how do bile salts reach the liver reach the liver?

A

enterohepatic circulation

76
Q

what charge do bile salts have?

A

negative

77
Q

what will happen if you have a high purine diet?

A

increase in uric acid

78
Q

why is it bad to have an increase in uric acid?

A

will cause formation of crystals in your tissues, gout,and kidney stones

biochemistry (28 decks)

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