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digestion and absorption Flashcards

1
Q

What enzyme is mainly seen in the Jejunum?

A

pancreactic enzymes

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2
Q

what are the 4 enzymes found in the pancreas?

A

pancreatic alpha amylase, protease, nuclease & phosphodiesterase

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3
Q

What does pancreatic alpha amylase do?

A

pancreatic alpha amylase starts in the jejunum and acts on oligosaccharides to form disaccharides( maltose-2 glucose molecules, lactose-galactose and glucose, isomaltose, sucrose-fructose and glucose, this are absorbed in the illeum whic is the last part of reabsorption

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4
Q

what is protease?

A

an enzyme that cleaves proteins

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5
Q

what is nuclease and phosphodiesterase function?

A

They digest RNA and DNA to mononucleotides, which are taken up into te mucosal cell

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6
Q

Where is alpha amylase and lingual lipase found?

A

enzymes found in the mouth

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7
Q

why is lingual lipase important?

A

it is important because of milk digestion in infants

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8
Q

what does salivary amylase do?

A

cleaves the alpha 1:4 glycosidic bonds of starch and glycogen and denatures in the stomach so carbohydrate stops before it reaches the stomach where it is a acidic enviornment

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9
Q

what is pancreatitis?

A

inflammation of the pancreas

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10
Q

what cause pancreatitis?

A

active trysin in the pancreas or duct where it is not suppose to be,ETHANOL ABUSE( most common), blockage of duct(gallstones, tumor), HYPERTRIACYLGLYCEROLEMIA(elevated lipoproteins with % of TAGS)

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11
Q

what does ethanol abuse cause?

A

pancreatitis

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12
Q

elevation of lipoproteins with a % of TAGS causes what?

A

Hypertriacylglycerolemia-pancreatitis

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13
Q

why is pancreatic lipase importatn when it it elevated in the blood stream?

A

its is an injury marker for the pancreas—> pancreatitis (serum lipase/ alphaamylase 2)

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14
Q

what happens at the cellular level with cycstic fibrosis?

A

there is a deficiency in the CFTR transporter which causes and increase in mucus which blocks the pancreatic duct

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15
Q

what can cholelithiasis cause?

A

the cholesterol gallstone disease- which can result from reduced secretion of bile salts, or also from enhanced billary cholesterol secretion

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16
Q

what does cholelithiasis ( cholesterol gallstone disease) cause?

A

over saturation of bile with cholesterol( 90%) duct, and blocked cystic duct

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17
Q

where are cholesterol gallstones commonly found?

A

cystic duct or in the AMPULLA OF VATER

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18
Q

what happens with the blockage of bile ducts?

A

lead to reduced digestion of lipids and also impairs the release of conjugated BILIBRUBIN and leads to obstructive JAUNDICE

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19
Q

what is alkaline phosphatase?

A

serum marker from the irritated and blocked bile ducts

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20
Q

What is steatorrhea?

A

fat in feces

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21
Q

What happens in Primary Lactose intolerance?

A

lactase activity is highest in infants and 90 % of lactase declines with age ( the diet should be low in lactose)- fermentation, leads to dehydration

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22
Q

what is secondary lactase?

A

due to damage or loss of intestinal mucosal cells EX. food poisoning

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23
Q

What is the most severe lactase deficency?

A

Cogenital lactase deficiency

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24
Q

Why is lactose found inthe Large intestine a bad thing?

A

because it is not suppose to be there, it was supposedtobe cleaved by lactase in the small intestine

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25
What happens in secondary lactose?
severe diarrhea or gastroenteritis due to ROTAVIRUS and can lead to intestinal injury
26
What disease does secondary lactose intolerance cause?
Celiac disease is a immune mediated damage in response to gluten ( proteins in grains)
27
What type of disorder is congential lactase deficiency?
autosomal recessive
28
what happens in congential lactase deficency?
Ingestio og milk would lead to severe diarrhea and dangerous dehydration or even death!
29
What are the cells found in the duodenum?
Gastrin, parietal, mucus, chief, epithelial mucousal,bile salts,pancreatic lipase
30
What do G cells produce?
Gastrin
31
where is Gastrin found?
in the antrum of stomach
32
What does gastrin release?
Gastric acid
33
What do cheif cells produce?
pepsinogen, and gastric lipase
34
What is pepsinogen when it is activated?
Pepsin
35
what type of enzyme is pepsin?
endopeptidase
36
pepsin does enzymatic proteolysis by?
helping to cleave mor pepsinogen
37
where is pepsinogen found?
the pancreas
38
where is pepsin found?
it is found in the lumen of the stomach
39
from the chief cell, gastric lipase is produced to do what?
cleaveTAGS with medium chain fatty acid
40
What arethe two thing that parietal cells produce?
HCL, intrinsic factor
41
what does HCL do?
it denatures proteins and kills bacteria and fungi because of low acidic pH
42
what does the intrinsic factor do from parietal cells?
it secrets B12
43
Where is the intrinsic factor B12 secreted?
In the ilieum
44
What cells are found n the duodenum?
epithelial mucosal cells
45
What do epithelial mucosal cells do?
they make secretin which stimulates pancreatic HCO3 secretion
46
what does Cholecystokinin do?
it stimulates gallbladder emptying, inhibits gastric mobility, and activates ENTEROPEPTIDASE
47
what are the enteropeptidases?
Trypsin, Chymotrypsin, Elastase, Colipase, Phospholipase A
48
what do enteropeptidases do?
cleave proteins at the COOH end of specific amino acids
49
what does trypsin cleave?
cleaves Arg or Lys ( both have a positive charge)
50
What is trypsin stopped by?
trypsin is stopped by trypsin inhibitor protein, and the the inhibitor protein is digested in the duodenum
51
Does trypsin have a long and narrow pocket?
yes
52
Where is trypsin active?
in the duodenum
53
what typeof pocket does chymotrypsin have?
It is wide and large
54
What does chymotrypsin do?
cleaves after bulky aromatic
55
what does elastase cleave?
gly, ala, ser
56
what kind of pocket does elastase have?
small pocket
57
why is colipase needed ?
it is needed to anchor pancreatic lipase
58
What does colipase do?
pushes bile salts away from TAGS and anchors pancreatic lipase to lipid droplets
59
What does bile salts do?
transport free cholesterol from liver to duodenum
60
where is bile produced?
in the liver / hepatic billary canaliculi
61
what are the contents of bile?
glycine, taurine, PC, free cholesterol, bilrubon
62
what phospholipids does bile contain?
PC- improves solubility of free cholesterol
63
What enzyme is found in the duodenum?
Pancreatic lipase
64
what does pancreatic lipase do ?
forms molecule that can enter intestinal mucosal cell(MAG)
65
what is pancreatic lipases function?
digestion of TAGs
66
what does pancreatic lipase need?
it requires bile salts and lyso-PC
67
what salts do bile make?
Bile salts
68
where are bile salts released?
in the caniliculi by active transport via ABC transporter
69
what are Bile salts formed with?
formed in the liver with bile acids and gly or taurine
70
what are the 2 primary bile acids?
cholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid
71
what does cholic acid produce?
deoxycholic acid
72
whats does chenodeoxycholic acid produce?
lithocholic acid
73
what is the precursor of bile salts when it is synthesized denovo?
cholesterol
74
what are bile salts used for?
to emulsify the dietary lipids for digestion=(chyme)
75
how do bile salts reach the liver reach the liver?
enterohepatic circulation
76
what charge do bile salts have?
negative
77
what will happen if you have a high purine diet?
increase in uric acid
78
why is it bad to have an increase in uric acid?
will cause formation of crystals in your tissues, gout,and kidney stones

biochemistry (28 decks)

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