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ANATOMY 2 > Digestion > Flashcards

Digestion Flashcards

1
Q

Digestion

A

Turning food into monomers

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2
Q

Carbs digested into?

A

Glucose == ATP

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3
Q

Lipids digested into?

A

Phospholipids, cholesterol, fats, triglycerides

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4
Q

Proteins digested into?

A

amino acids

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5
Q

Five Stages of Digestion

A 
Ingestion
Digestion
Absorption
Compaction
Defecation
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6
Q

Ingestion

A

Voluntary intake of food

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7
Q

Digestion

A

Mechanical = physical breakdown

   - mastication
   - segmentation = "MIXING" - 2                                                                                   directions
   - parastalsis = one directional   movement

Chemical = adding substances to act on SA of food from mechanical digestion
-HCl, H2O, enzymes, bile

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8
Q

Absorption

A
  • Glucose/AA monomers into blood
  • lipids into lacteals (lymphatic system)
  • OCCURS IN SMALL INTESTINES
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9
Q

Compactoin

A

Storing of waste products

_OCCURS IN LARGE INTESTINE

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10
Q

Defecation

A

Voluntary voiding of feces

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11
Q

Layers of Alimentary Canal (Superficial to Deep)

A 
Mucosa
-epithelium (SPECIFIC TO AREA)
-Thin SM layer
Muscularis
-circular muscle (INNER) - segmentation
-longitudinal muscle (OUTER) - parastalsis
Serosa
-connective tissue
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12
Q

Mouth

A

-Epithelium: stratified squamous
-Tongue = skeletal muscle used in mech. digestion
-teeth present
-Salivary glands (EXOCRINE gland) secretes:
mucus: slick alkaline mucus
serous cells: enzyme amalyse for carb digestion

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13
Q

Teeth are/are not bone?

Parts of tooth

A

NOT BONE

  • Top = crown
  • Bottom = root
  • *blood and nerve supply through roots
  • Outer Layer = enamil (hardest biological substance)
  • Inner Layer = Dentin
  • Gomphosis Joint holds tooth in socket
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14
Q

4 Functions of Stomach

A
  • Bulk food storage (1-2 hours)
  • Mechanical Digestion
  • Chemical Digestion
  • Production of intrinsic factor necessary to absorb vit. B
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15
Q

Mech. Digestion of Stomach

A

mixing, churning

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16
Q

Chem. Digestion of Stomach

A
  • HCl (Activates pepsinogen)
  • Pepsingogen = pepsin (when active)
    - digests proteins
    - active only at ACID (low) pH
17
Q

Gastric Glands

A

Found in Gastic Pits of Stomach (from superficial to deep)

  • Mucus Cells - secrete alkaline mucus to protect stomach from HCl
  • Parietal Cells - HCl & Intrinsic Factor
  • Chief Cells - Pepsinogen
  • Gastric Cells - gastrin = histamine release = increased gastric juice
18
Q

Activity of HCl and Pepsinogen in Stomach

A
  • *As proteins are broken down, they bind to H+ ions causing a increased pH, which causes HCl secretion until pH remains low (all protein digested)
  • Pepsinogen becomes active, pepsin, when pH is low from secreted HCl
19
Q

3 Stages of Stomach Digestion

A

Cephalic Stage

Gastric Stage

Intestinal Phase

20
Q

Cephalic Stage

A
  • Initiated by sight/smell of food

- Begins gastric juice secretion (lasts about 10 min)

21
Q

Gastric Stage

A
  • When food enters stomach
  • Initiated by stretch of stomach walls
  • Mech/Chem digestion continues
  • Para increased,
  • Sym increased (only enough to keep sphinctors closed)
22
Q

Intestinal Phase

A
  • Gastric juice secretion stops via CCK
  • Increased secondary organ secretions
  • start chyme entry to Small intestine
23
Q

Small Intestine Parts and Funtions (Stomach Region to Large intestine)

A

Duodenum

  • Recieves chyme & accesory organ secretion
  • Bruner’s Gland secrete alkaline mucus (turns OFF pepsin)

Jejunum
-MOST ABSORPTION HERE

Illium

  • Lymphatic tissue present
    • nodules in sub-mucosa (MALT)
24
Q

Amino Acids absorbed how and to where?

A

Active transport through small intestine to bloodstream

25
Q

Glucose absorbed how and to where?

A

Facilitated diffusion through small intestine to blood stream

26
Q

Lipids absorbed how and to where?

A

Passive transport through small intestine into lacteals

-bunched together as triglycerides in a capsule called a Chylomicron

27
Q

Brush Border Enzymes

A

Enzymes on cilia of Small intestine mucosa aiding in absorbtion

28
Q

Liver Functions (4)

A
  • Glucose Metabolism
    - Can do ALL glucose reactions
    - ALL types of sugar converted to glucose
  • Deamination of Proteins (AA)
    - removes amino group
  • Vit. Storage
  • Bile Production
29
Q

Bile

A 
-Breaks down fat
Composed of:
-electrolytes
-Pigments
-Cholesterol  (85% of body's cholestrol from here)
-Bile Salts
30
Q

Bile Salts function in digestion

A

Emulsify Fats

-surround and breakdown fats until smallest functional unit

31
Q

Pancreas

A

Secretes 3 enzymes (Brush Border enzymes):

  • 1 for lipids
  • 1 for protein
  • 1 for carbs
32
Q

Blood from intestines immediately travels where?

A

Hepatic Portal System of liver for filtration

33
Q

Large Intestine Functions (4)

A

Cuboidal Epithelium

  • H2O Reabsorption
  • Feces Compaction
  • Vit. Absorption (K, B12)
    - Made available via probiotics
  • Storage of fecal material
    - location of probiotics
34
Q

Feces Composition

A

75% water
5% bacteria
20% indigestible/inorganic material

35
Q

Flatus

A
  • “FARTS”
  • methane gas
  • 500mL produced per day via bacteria in feces

ANATOMY 2 (9 decks)

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