Digestion Flashcards
How are nutrient requirements met in carnivores?
Because they also ingest digestive tracts and contents of the carcass
What is an animal that eats animal material?
Carnivore
Carnivores have a single/simple stomach so they are called?
Monogastrics
An animal that will ONLY take in animal material even when they’re starving is called?
Obligate carnivore
A carnivore that will take in plant material when they are starving is?
Facultative carnivore
What is an animal called the regularly eats both animal and plant material?
Omnivore
Give two examples of omnivores
Human, pig, rat, opossum
Do omnivores have a caecum?
They may or may not have one
What is an animal called that eats only plant material?
Herbivore
What problem do herbivores have with digestion?
No enzymes produced that breaks down plant cell walls
How do herbivores overcome the issue they have with digestion?
Bacteria in the gut produces enzymes that can digest cellulose and hemicellulose so space needs to be provided in the gut for these bacteria
What are the three places in the fur where bacteria can digest cell walls?
Pregastric - before true stomach, one or more forestomachs
Post gastric - after true stomach, caecum or colon
What are Pregastric herbivores called?
Foregut fermenters
What are post gastric herbivores called?
Hindgut fermenters
What can gut bacteria synthesize?
Essential AAs using N and dietary protein, all B vitamins, K vitamins, VFAs
There are three ways forgot fermenters fermet. What are these?
Ruminants - 3 chambers, rumen, reticulum and omasum
Merycism - 2 chambers, rumen and reticulum
Then the 3rd is the 1st part of the true stomach
What is it called when food particles are too large to pass into the abomasum so they are forced back up to the esophagus to the mouth, re-chewed with more saliva and re-swallowed?
Rumination
What is it called when gases are produced by bacteria and is released?
Eructation
What are 4 examples of ruminants?
Cow, sheep, deer, giraffe
What is an example of an animal who displays merycism?
Camel
What is an example of an animal that displays merycism but fermentation occurs in the 1st part of the true stomach?
Kangaroo
What are 3 examples of an animal that has fermentation in the 1st part of the true stomach but does not display merycism?
Hippo, sloth, langur monkeys
Small herbivores have an enlarged what for fermentation?
Caecum
Small herbivores include..
Guinea pig, hamster, rabbit
Large herbivores have an enlarged what for fermentation?
Colon
Large herbivores include..
Horse, rhino, elephant, wombat, orangutan
Why do postgastric fermenters eat their feces?
All vitamins and AAs can’t be absorbed because they’re produced after the small intestine
What is coprophagy?
Ingestion of feces, often during nutritional deficiency
What is cecotrophy?
Selective ingestion of highly nutritious feces derived from the contents of the caecum
What are the absorbable units of proteins?
AAs and small peptides
What are the absorbable units of carbohydrates?
Monosaccharides
What are the absorbable units of fat?
FAs, monoglycerides, VFAs
What is absorbed in the reticulum and rumen?
VFAs
What is absorbed in the omasum?
Water
What occurs in the abomasum?
Acid digestion
What occurs in the duodenum?
Neutral digestion
What part of the small intestine is the major absorption site?
Jejunum
What is absorbed in the ileum?
AAs, small peptides, monosaccharides, vitamins, minerals, FAs
What is absorbed in the caecum?
VFAs
What is absorbed in the colon?
VFAs, Na, K and water
