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bio 20 > digestion > Flashcards

digestion Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

macronutrients

A
  • nutrient required in large amounts
  • give us energy
    ex. fats, proteins, carbohydrates
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2
Q

micronutrients

A
  • any nutrient required in small amounts
  • essential
  • does not give us energy
    ex. viatmins and minerals
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3
Q

non-essential nutrients

A

can be made by the body

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4
Q

essential nutrients

A

must come from an external source

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5
Q

macromulecules

A
  • what the body is made up of
  • large, complex organic molecules
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6
Q

dehydration synthesis

A
  • build up of proteins
  • water is removed and molecules bond
  • anabolic process
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7
Q

hydrolosis

A
  • break down proteins
  • catabolic process
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8
Q

carbohydrates

A
  • sugars and starches
  • provide the body with energy
  • composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
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9
Q

monosaccharides

A
  • smallest repeating unit of a carbohydrate
  • glucose, fructose, galactose
  • absorbed by diffusion and active transport
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10
Q

isomer

A

same chemical formula but different arrangements

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11
Q

disaccharide

A

-2 monosccharides
- sucrose, lactose, maltose
- broken down in the small intestine (duodenum)

TO HELP REMEMBER
cookies have sucrose, which you dip in your tea which has lactose in the milk, in which you have poured honey

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12
Q

glycosidic bond

A

is formed between each monosaccharide

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13
Q

polysaccharide

A
  • complex carbohydrates or starches
  • break down in the mouth by salivary amylase then finish their breakdown in the small intestine by pancreatic amylase
    ex. fibre, starch, cellulose, glycogen
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14
Q

lipids/fats

A
  • build cell membranes, insulation, and protection
  • composed of C,H,O
  • break down into glycerol and fatty acid
  • energy storage
  • broken down by lipase
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15
Q

triglycerides

A
  • used for storing energy
  • 1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids
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16
Q

phospholipids

A
  • 1 glycerol + 1 negative phosphate + 2 fatty acids
  • make up cell membrane
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17
Q

steroids

A
  • form sex hormones estrogen and testosterone
  • found in cell membrane
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18
Q

wax

A
  • long chain of fatty acids and alcohol or carbon ring
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19
Q

unsaturated fatty acids

A
  • liquid at room temperature
  • have at least one double carbon bond
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20
Q

saturated fatty acids

A
  • no double carbon bond
  • solid at room temperature
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21
Q

proteins

A
  • part of cell structures, cell membranes, and transport systems
  • can be enzymes
  • built of amino acids
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22
Q

polypeptide

A
  • chain of amino acids bonded by a peptide bond
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23
Q

catalyst

A
  • enzyme
  • not consumed in the reaction
  • but will return to the same form after the reaction has completed
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24
Q

enzyme

A

protein catalysts that speed up reactions
- end in “ase”

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25
Q

active site

A

the part of the enzyme that binds with the substrate

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26
Q

metabolism

A

all chemical reactions in a cell

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27
Q

catabolism

A

breakdown of complex chemicals to simpler molecules
- part of metabolism

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28
Q

anabolism

A

combining simple molecules into complex chemicals
- part of metabolism

29
Q

monomer

A

one sugar
ex. glucose

30
Q

polymer

A

many sugars
ex. starch

31
Q

organ system

A

cells –> tissues –> organ –> organ system –> organism

32
Q

digestive system

A
  • maintains micro and macromolecules
  • eliminates unnecessary compounds and waste
33
Q

ingestion

A

eating/drinking to send nutrients into the digestive system

34
Q

digestion

A

physical and chemical breakdown of nutrients so the resulting smaller molecules can go into the blood

35
Q

absoption

A

blood accepts the tiny molecules for transport to all body cells

36
Q

egestion

A

NOT excretion
- removal of non-digested particles

37
Q

induced fit model

A

the active site is slightly altered when the substrate attaches

38
Q

cofactors and coenzymes

A

are vitamins or minerals that work with the enzyme

39
Q

factors that affect enzyme function

A
  • pH
  • substrate concentration
  • enzyme concentration
  • temperature
40
Q

feedback inhibition

A

the natural process to slow down a reaction to maintain homeostasis
EX. a cell does not need to break down glucose if there is enough energy available for the cell to use

41
Q

competitive inhibitors

A

molecules that have a similar shape to the the substrate that block the substrate from the active site(s)

42
Q

the mouth

A
  • physical and chemical digestion
  • salivary glands release amylase within the saliva
43
Q

chemical digestion

A

bonds are broken

44
Q

physical/mechanical digestion

A

breaking the material into smaller pieces of the same material

45
Q

epiglottis

A
  • in the mouth
  • a respiratory protector
46
Q

esophogus

A
  • in the mouth
  • many smooth muscles that contrct rythmically to move the bolus
47
Q

the bolus

A
  • in the mouth
  • mixes with gastric juices to make chyme
48
Q

mucus

A
  • in the stomach
  • protect the stomach from digesting itself
49
Q

pepsinogen

A
  • inactive enzyme
  • digests proteins
  • activated by hydrochloric acid and becomes pepsin
50
Q

pepsin

A

breaks down large proteins into smaller polypeptides

51
Q

duodenum

A
  • chemical digestion
  • peptides are broken into amino acids
  • lipids are broken into glycerol and fatty acids
  • starch and disaccharides is broken down to monosaccharides
52
Q

jejunum

A

absorption of macronutrients

53
Q

the large intestine

A

absorbs water, salt, vitamins, and minerals

54
Q

accessory organs

A
  • essential
  • do not make up part of the digestive tract
55
Q

liver

A
  • produces bile
  • stores glycogen
56
Q

glycogen

A

extra glucose is stored as glycogen

57
Q

bile

A

physically breaks down the fat
- in the liver

58
Q

gall bladder

A

storage facility for bile

59
Q

pancreas

A

-releases enzymes
such as lipase, trypsinogen, amylase, and HCO3-

60
Q

bicarbonate ion

A

HCO3-
- neautralizes acis from the stomach

61
Q

bile

A
  • chemical that performs physical digestion
  • made in the liver
  • stored in the gall bladder
62
Q

pancreatic fluid

A
  • trypsin
  • pancreatic
  • lipase
  • bicarbonate
63
Q

buffer

A

mixture of a weak acid and its weak base to create a stable pH

64
Q

starch is broken down into:

A

glucose makes up

65
Q

proteins are broken down into:

A

amino acids make up

66
Q

lipids are broken down into:

A

fatty acids + glycerol make up

67
Q

amino acids

A

absorbed through transport proteins (active transport)

68
Q

glycerol and fatty acids

A

diffuse then are absorbed into the lymph vessel

69
Q

enzymes to know:

A
  • salivary amylase
  • pancreatic amylase
  • carbohydrates
  • lipase
  • pepsin
  • trypsin
  • peptides

bio 20 (6 decks)

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