bio chem Flashcards
chemical energy
stored in the bonds of ATP
- breaking of these bonds releases energy
cellular respiration
mitochondria break down carbohydrates to generate ATP molecules
ATP
- adenosine triphosphate
provides energy for: - active transport
- chromosomal movement
- cell movement
- muscle movement
- synthesis fo macromolecules
- high energy molecule
- phophate groups are negatively charged
matrix of mitochondria
- fluid-filled space of the inner membrane
- contains enzymes for breaking down high energy molecules
cristae of mitochondria
- folds within the inner membrane
- provide large SA for ATP production
photosynthesis equation
6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ENERGY –> C6H1206 + 6 02
- anabolic
cellular respiration equation
C6H1206 + 602 –> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ENERGY
- catabolic
- glucose is oxidized
- oxygen is reduced
- 1 oxygen breakdown is 36 ATP
- takes place in the mitochondria
oxidation
when an atom or molecule loses an electron (e-)
reduction
when an atom or molecule gains an electron (e-)
reducing power
reduced molecules with large amounts of energy available
with oxygen
aerobic respiration
without oxygen
anaerobic respiration
aerobic cellular respiration
1) glycolysis
2) pyruvate oxidation
3) kreb’s cycle
4) electron transport chain
anaerobic cellular respiration
- for every oxygen 2 ATP
- glycolysis
- lactic acid fermentation
glycolysis
- in the cytoplasm (outside the mitochondria)
- splits glucose into two pyruvates
- reduction of NAD to NADH
- anaerobic
- uses 2 ATP to initiate glycolysis but 4 ATP are produced
- releases 2 NADH
- 2 CO2
pyruvate
C3H6O3
- goes from glycolysis to kreb’s cycle
NADH
- intermediate energy
- has been reduced
- carries e- to the electron transport chain
from glycolysis: 2 ATP
from kreb’s: 3 ATP
FADH2
- intermediate energy
- has been reduced
- carries e- to the electron transport chain BUT less efficient than NADH
- makes 2 ATP
kreb’s cycle
- aerobic cycle
- in the matrix of the mitochondrion
- makes the intermediate energy carriers
- repeates 2x for every glucose molecule
- makes CO2
each glucose makes
4 CO2
2 ATP
2 FADH2
6 NADH
oxidative phosphorylation
- aerobic
- cellular respiration
- makes the most ATP
electron transport chain
- accepts e- from NADH and FADH2
- e- is passed from enzyme to enzyme
- the energy “lost” moves H+ into the intermembrane space
NADH oxidization
NADH –> NAD + H + e-
NAD –> krebs cycle
H+ –> intermembrane space
chemiosmosis
- transfer of kinetic energy of the H+ to cause ADP to become ATP
ATP synthase
- like a revolving door that H+ push on to make it turn
overall ATP production of cellular respiration
36 ATP
anaerobic respiration
- without oxygen
- glycolysis, lactic acid fermentation
yeast fermentation
pyruvate is converted into ethanol
chlorophylls
- absorb the energy from light and use it to break water to release an e-
- found in the thylakoid membrane
- make up photosystems 2 and 1
thykaloid disc
- photosystems 2 and 1
- light strikes photosystem 2 first then and e- leaves the pigment and bounces down to photosystem 1
- as the e- moves, H+ will be pumped into the lumen
lumen
center of thylakoid disc
hydrolysis
- to replace the e- the center gave awat, water is split into H+, O, and e-
- e- and H+ sre replaces with chlorophyll
- NADP + e- + H –> NADPH
NADPH
will carry e- to stroma for carbon fixation
photosynthesis
- light dependant reaction
- calvin cycle/carbon fixation
calvin benson cycle
(carbon fixation)
- NADPH and ATP are used here to make glucose
- in the stroma of the chloroplast
- 6 molecules of CO2 must be fixed
- 10 molecules of G3P are recycled to reform RuBP
- G3P becomes glucose
RuBP
- 5 carbon molecule
- binds to CO2
- makes CO2 unstable
light reaction
- 6 H2O undergo hydrolysis
- 6 O2 are released through stroma into atmosphere
- produces NADPH and ATP
