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Biology > digestion > Flashcards

digestion Flashcards

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1
Q

what is bile?

A

It is produced in the liver, and stored in the bladder. It is highly alkaline and emulsifies lipids

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2
Q

what is chemical digestion?

A

the breakdown of large molecules into small molecules by using enzymes

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3
Q

what does emulsify mean?

A

to break up large droplets of a lipid into smaller droplets of lipid in an aqueous solution into smaller droplets.

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4
Q

what are faeces?

A

it is the undigested material that remains after the digestion and absorption of food in humans

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5
Q

what is fibre?

A

a plant material that is difficult to digest and keeps the food in the alimentary canal soft and bulky, helps peristalsis.

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6
Q

what is ingestion?

A

ingestion is the taking of food into the alimentary canal

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7
Q

what are microvilli?

A

microvilli are tiny finger-like extensions of the cell membrane of the surface cells of villi.

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8
Q

what are minerals?

A

they are nutrients that plants and animals need in small amounts, such as nitrates that are needed for making amino acids.

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9
Q

what is physical/mechanical digestion?

A

it is the breakdown of large food pieces, such as chewing in the mouth.

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10
Q

what is secretion?

A

secretion is releasing chemicals that have been made inside a cell into the fluid outside the cell.

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11
Q

villus (plural villi)

A

is a finger-like projection of the small intestine wall where absorption of digested food molecules occur

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12
Q

what are vitamins?

A

they are nutrients needed by the body in tiny amounts to remain healthy, such as vitamins A, C and D

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13
Q

what are waste products?

A

they are product of a chemical reaction that are not needed, such as oxygen in photosynthesis

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14
Q

what is a balanced diet?

A

A diet that intakes all the nutrients, vitamins and minerals, in the right proportions.

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15
Q

what are the main components of a healthy human diet?

A

carbohydrates, protiens, lipids, vitamins and minrals, water and fibre.

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16
Q

what is the alimentary canal?

A

the tubular part of the digestive system, from mouth to anus, that food passes along.

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17
Q

how is the food moved through the gut?

A

peristalis

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18
Q

how is starch broken down and what is it broken down into?

A

starch is broken down into maltose by amylase enzymes.

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19
Q

how is maltose broken down and what into?

A

maltose is broken down by maltase enzymes into glucose

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20
Q

how is protein broken down and what into?

A

protien is broken down by protease enzymes into amino acids

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21
Q

how are lipids broken down and what into?

A

lipids are broken down by lipase into glycerol and fatty acids.

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22
Q

what happens in the mouth?

A

teeth tounge nad saliva (which contains amylase) start the breakdown of food molecules

23
Q

what happens in the oesophagus?

A

a bolus is moved into the stomach by peristalsis

24
Q

what happens in the stomach?

A

acid and protease enzymes break down the food while the stomach churns up the food.

25
Q

what happens in the liver?

A

the liver creates bile.

26
Q

what happens in the gall bladders?

A

stores bile from the liver.

27
Q

what happens in the pancreas?

A

the pancreas secretes amylase, lipase and protease enzymes.

28
Q

what happens in the small intestine?

A

enzymes from the gall bladder and pancreas, to complete digestion. the food is then absorbed by villi

29
Q

what different foods contain carbohydrates?

A
  • bread
  • sugar
  • glucose
30
Q

why does your body need carbohydrates?

A

because it is the main source of energy

31
Q

what different foods contain protein?

A
  • milk
  • cheese
  • meat
32
Q

why does your body need protein?

A

for growth and repair

33
Q

what deficiency disease can a lack of protein cause, and how can you treat it?

A

kwashiorkor, you can treat it by eating lots of meat, milk and cheese

34
Q

what different foods contain lipids?

A
  • butter
  • avocados
  • nuts
35
Q

why does your body need lipids?

A

insulation, to help maintain body temp and protect your organs. it is also a store of energy.

36
Q

what foods contain vitamin A?

A
  • carrots
  • fish
  • milk
37
Q

what deficiency disease is caused by a lack of vitamin A, and how can you treat it?

A

night blindness, you can treat it by eating lots of carrots, fish and fruits.

38
Q

what foods contain vitamin B?

A
  • eggs
  • milk
  • fish
39
Q

what deficiency diseases are caused by a lack of vitamin B and how can you treat it?

A

pellagria and beriberi you can treat tham by eating milk, fish, eggs etc.

40
Q

what foods contain vitamin C?

A
  • citrus fruits
  • peppers
  • broccoli
41
Q

what deficiency disease is caused by a lack of vitamin C and how can you treat it?

A

scurvy, you can treat this by eating lots of citrus fruits.

42
Q

what foods contain vitamin D?

A
  • fish
  • cereal
  • milk
43
Q

what deficiency disease is caused by a lack of vitamin D and how can you treat it?

A

rickets, you can treat this by eating milk cereal and fish.

44
Q

what foods contain iron?

A
  • spinach
  • cereal
  • steak
45
Q

what deficiency disease is caused by a lack of iron and how can you treat it?

A

anaemia, you can treat it by eating spinach, cereals and broccoli

46
Q

what foods contain calcium?

A
  • milk
  • egg-yolk
  • fish
47
Q

what deficiency disease is caused by a lack of calcium, and how can you treat it?

A

rickets, you can treat it by drinking lots of milk

48
Q

what foods contain fibre?

A
  • wheat
  • veg
  • bran
49
Q

why does your body need fibre?

A

fibre helps food pass through the digestive system, and prevents constipation

50
Q

what is malnutrition?

A

malnutrition is a lack of proper nutrition

51
Q

what mineral does spinach contain, and what specialised cell is it needed for?

A

spinach contains iron, which is needed for the haemoglobin for red blood cells.

52
Q

what was an issue with the energy in foods experiment, and how can you solve it?

A

incomplete combustion, you could solve this by burning it in pure oxygen.

53
Q

what calculation helps you calculate the energy in food correctly?

A

mass of water (g) x temp change of water (oC) x 4.2

Biology (9 decks)

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