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AQA GCSE Biology Revision > Digestion > Flashcards

Digestion Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the function (job) of carbohydrates in the body?

A

Act as a source of energy

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2
Q

Which foods are major sources of carbohydrates?

A

Potatoes, rice, pasta, cereals

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3
Q

What is the function (job) of proteins in the body?

A

Used for growth and repair

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4
Q

Which foods are major sources of proteins?

A

Meat, eggs, cheese, beans, nuts and seeds

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5
Q

What is the main function (job) of lipids?

A
  • Used as a source of energy

- Make up the cell membranes

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6
Q

Which foods are major sources of lipids?

A

Butter, meat, plant oils, oily fish, nuts and seeds

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7
Q

Name three polymers of glucose.

A
  • Starch
  • Cellulose
  • Glycogen
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8
Q

What happens to glucose molecules once absorbed by the body?

A
  • Used for respiration

- Reassembled into glycogen and stored in the liver

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9
Q

What are proteins made up of?

A

Amino acids

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10
Q

What happens to excess amino acids?

A

They are broken down in the liver

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11
Q

What are lipids made up of?

A

Fatty acids and glycerol

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12
Q

Describe a positive food test result for sugars.

A

Benedict’s solution turns from blue to orange-brown when heated

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13
Q

Describe a positive food test result for starch.

A

Iodine turns from yellow to blue-black

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14
Q

Describe a positive food test result for proteins.

A

Biuret solution turns from blue to purple.

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15
Q

Describe a positive emulsion test result for lipids.

A

Ethanol turns cloudy.

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16
Q

What is the function (job) of the small intestine?

A

Absorption of simple sugars, amino acids, fatty acids and glycerol

17
Q

What is the function (job) of the large intestine?

A

Absorption of water

18
Q

What are villi?

A

Folds in the wall of the small intestine that provide a large surface area for absorption

19
Q

What are microvillli?

A

Smaller folds on the surface of villi, which are folds found on the surface of the instestinal lining

20
Q

How is the small intestine adapted for absorption?

A
  • Very large surface area due to villi and microvilli

- Large blood supply

21
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions

22
Q

What is an active site?

A

The part of an enzyme that a specific substrate can fit into

23
Q

What is a substrate?

A

A substance that fits into an enzyme

24
Q

Describe the 3 steps to enzyme action.

A
  1. Substrate attaches to the active site of the enzyme.
  2. The enzyme catalyses and breaks down the substrate.
  3. The products are released from the active site.
25
Q

How does temperature affect enzyme action?

A
  • At low temperatures, few collisions with enzymes and substrate
  • 37C optimum temperature for enzymes, work best
  • Higher temperatures can denature enzymes
26
Q

What two things can denature enzymes?

A
  • Extreme temperatures

- Extreme pH

27
Q

What is the optimum pH of amylase?

A

6.8

28
Q

What is the optimum pH of the stomach protease pepsin?

A

1.5 - 2.0

29
Q

What is the optimum pH of the pancreatic protease trypsin?

A

7.5 - 8.0

30
Q

What is the function of carbohydrases?

A

To break down carbohydrates into simple sugars

31
Q

What is the function of amylase?

A

To break down starch into maltose or glucose

32
Q

What is the function of proteases?

A

To break down proteins into amino acids

33
Q

What is the function of lipases?

A

To break down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol

34
Q

Where is bile produced?

A

In the liver

35
Q

What role does bile play in digestion of lipids?

A

Bile emulsifies lipids, breaking them up into tiny droplets and giving them a larger surface area over which lipase can work.

36
Q

How does bile help to produce an optimum pH for pancreatic enzymes?

A

It contains sodium hydrogencarbonate, which is an alkali. This neutralises the stomach acid, creating an optimum pH for pancreatic enzymes.

37
Q

Where is bile stored and concentrated?

A

In the gallbladder

38
Q

Where is bile stored and concentrated?

A

In the gallbladder

AQA GCSE Biology Revision (12 decks)

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