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AQA GCSE Biology Revision > Cell Structure and Microscopes > Flashcards

Cell Structure and Microscopes Flashcards

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1
Q

How do you calculate the total magnification of a microscope?

A

Eyepiece lens magnification x objective lens magnification

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2
Q

How do you calculate the magnification of an image?

A

Size of image ÷ real size of object

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3
Q

How many micrometres are in a millimetre?

A

1,000 (one thousand)

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4
Q

How many nanometres are in a millimetre?

A

1,000,000 (one million)

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5
Q

What is 120 000 000 in standard form?

A

1.2 × 10^8

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6
Q

What is 0.000007 in standard form?

A

7 × 10^-6

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7
Q

How can you improve the resolution of a microscope (make it clearer)?

A

Turn the fine focus knob

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8
Q

How can you improve the magnification of an image when using a microscope (make it bigger)?

A

Turn to a higher power objective lens

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9
Q

Who first observed cork cells using a compound microscope?

A

Robert Hooke

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10
Q

What is a limitation of the light microscope?

A

Fairly low resolution - cannot distinguish 2 points closer than 200 nm.

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11
Q

Which cell structure is only visible when using an electron microscope (and not with a light microscope)?

A

Ribosomes

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12
Q

What is the function (job) of the cytoplasm?

A

A jelly-like material where most chemical reactions happen

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13
Q

What is the function (job) of the nucleus?

A

Contains genetic material (e.g. DNA), and controls the cell’s activities

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14
Q

What is the function (job) of the cell membrane?

A

Controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell

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15
Q

What is the function (job) of the mitochondria?

A

The site of aerobic respiration, which releases energy to the cell

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16
Q

What is the function (job) of the ribosomes?

A

The site of protein synthesis (where proteins are made)

17
Q

Which three organelles (structures) are found in a plant cell, but not in an animal cell?

A

Chloroplasts, vacuole, cell wall

18
Q

What is the function (job) of the chloroplasts?

A

The site of photosynthesis, a chemical reaction where plants make their own food

19
Q

What is the function (job) of the cell wall?

A

Strengthens the cell and supports the plant

20
Q

What is the name of the green pigment in the chloroplasts that absorbs sunlight for photosynthesis?

A

Chlorophyll

21
Q

What is the cell wall made from?

A

Cellulose fibres

22
Q

What is the vacuole filled with?

A

Cell sap

23
Q

What is the function (job) of the vacuole?

A

Helps to keep the plant cell turgid

24
Q

How many orders of magnitude bigger is a 700 μm cell than a 7 μm cell?

A

2 orders of magnitude (10^2)

25
Q

What are three examples of eukaryotic cells?

A

Animals, plants and fungi

26
Q

What is an example of a prokaryotic cell?

A

Bacteria

27
Q

What are three structures NOT found in a bacterial (prokaryotic) cell?

A
  • Nucleus
  • Mitochondria
  • Chloroplasts
28
Q

How is DNA stored in a bacterial cell?

A
  • Free in the cytoplasm

- Additional DNA is stored in rings called plasmids

29
Q

How do bacterial cells divide?

A

By binary fission

30
Q

Name three adaptations a sperm cell has to help it perform its function.

A
  • The acrosome (head) contains enzymes so the sperm can penetrate the egg
  • The middle piece contains many mitochondria to release the energy needed for the sperm to swim
  • The tail enables the sperm to swim
  • The sperm has a streamlined shape
31
Q

Name three adaptations a nerve cell has to help it perform its function (job).

A
  • Nerve cells are extended to help them run to and from different parts of the body
  • Nerve cells have extensions and branches to help them communicate with other nerve cells
  • The nerve cell is covered with a fatty sheath, which insulates the cell and speeds up the electrical impulse
32
Q

What is one way that muscle cells are adapted for their function (job)?

A

Muscle cells contain many mitochondria to release the energy needed for muscle contraction

33
Q

What are two adaptations of a root hair cell to allow it to carry out its function (job)?

A
  • Large surface area for absorbing more water

- Thin cell walls - not to restrict movement of water

34
Q

How are xylem cells adapted for their function (job)?

A
  • No top and bottom walls between xylem cells, so water can flow freely
  • Thickened woody walls to support the plant
35
Q

What is the function of the xylem vessel in plants?

A

To carry water

36
Q

What is the function of the phloem vessel in plants?

A

To carry dissolved sugars and amino acids

AQA GCSE Biology Revision (12 decks)

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