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AQA GCSE Biology Revision > Communicable diseases > Flashcards

Communicable diseases Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

A microorganism that can cause disease

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2
Q

What are the four types of pathogen?

A
  • Bacteria
  • Viruses
  • Fungi
  • Protists
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3
Q

Give three examples of viral diseases.

A
  • HIV (which potentially leads to AIDS in humans)
  • Measles (in humans)
  • Tobacco mosaic virus (in plants)
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4
Q

Give two examples of bacterial diseases.

A
  • Salmonella (in humans)

- Agrobacterium (in plants)

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5
Q

Give two examples of fungal diseases.

A
  • Athlete’s foot (in humans)

- Rose black spot (in plants)

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6
Q

Give two examples of diseases caused by protists.

A
  • Malaria (in humans)

- Downy mildew (in plants)

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7
Q

What is a communicable disease?

A

A disease caused by a pathogen that can be transmitted from one person to another

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8
Q

Name five ways that pathogens can be transmitted.

A
  • Direct contact (e.g. sexual intercourse, shaking hands)
  • Water
  • Air (inhalation of droplets)
  • Unhygienic food preparation
  • Vector (an organism that spreads a disease)
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9
Q

What a viruses made up of?

A
  • Short length of DNA

- A protein coat

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10
Q

How do viruses make new viral particles?

A

They replicate their DNA and protein coats inside of a host cell

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11
Q

Describe how tobacco mosaic virus affects plant growth.

A
  • Destroys chloroplasts
  • So less photosynthesis
  • So less glucose is produced
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12
Q

Describe four ways that HIV can be spread.

A
  • Unprotected sex
  • Sharing needles
  • Blood transfusions (using unscreened blood)
  • From mother to baby
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13
Q

How can the spread of gonorrhoea be prevented?

A
  • Abstain from vaginal, anal or oral sex

- Use a condom (or other barrier methods of contraception)

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14
Q

Describe three symptoms of gonorrhoea.

A
  • Burning pain when urinating
  • Thick yellow/green discharge from vagina or penis
  • If untreated, can result in infertility
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15
Q

How is malaria spread?

A

Through mosquitos, an insect vector, which carry the Plasmodium protist.
They suck the blood of an infected person, then spread the disease through sucking the blood of an uninfected person.

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16
Q

What are some methods used to prevent malaria?

A
  • Insecticides (to kill mosquitos)
  • Insect repellents (to prevent being bitten)
  • Mosquito nets (to prevent being bitten)
  • Anti-malarial tables (to kill protist)
  • Vaccinations (to create immunity to malaria)
17
Q

In rose black spot, leaves turn yellow and drop off the plant.
How does this affect plant growth?

A

Most photosynthesis happens in the leaves
So affects the plant’s ability to photosynthesise
Less glucose is produced

18
Q

How does the skin act as a non-specific defence against disease?

A
  • Covers all parts of the body to prevent infection by pathogens
  • If cut forms a scab, prevents infection as acts as a physical barrier
19
Q

How do the eyes act as a non-specific defence against disease?

A

Produce tears which contain enzymes, acting as a chemical barrier to infection

20
Q

How does the nose act as a non-specific barrier to disease?

A
  • Contain internal hairs, which act as a physical barrier to infection
  • Produce mucus, which traps pathogens before they enter the lungs
21
Q

How do the trachea and bronchi act as non-specific defences to disease?

A
  • Goblet cells in trachea produce mucus to trap pathogens
  • Ciliated cells in trachea waft mucus towards throat where it can be swallowed (and pathogens destroyed by stomach acid)
22
Q

How do phagocytes act in your immune system to protect you against communicable diseases?

A

In a process called phagocytosis:

  • Phagocyte engulfs pathogen (membrane surrounds pathogen)
  • Enzymes in the phagocyte break down the pathogen and destroy it
23
Q

How do lymphocytes act in your immune system to protect you against communicable diseases?

A
  • Lymphocytes recognise proteins on the surface of pathogens called antigens.
  • Lymphocytes detect that these are foreign not naturally occurring within your body and produce antibodies.
24
Q

How do antibodies produced by lymphocytes help to protect your body against pathogenic disease?

A

Antibodies cause pathogens to stick together and make it easier for phagocytes to engulf them.

AQA GCSE Biology Revision (12 decks)

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