Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

NAPLEX Review > Dietary Supplements > Flashcards

Dietary Supplements Flashcards

1
Q

What is complementary medicine?

A

Complementary medicine refers to health practices that are used with conventional medicine. The term alternative medicine is used when conventional medicine is not used

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is natural medicine?

A

Natural medicine is a general umbrella term that includes herbals (plant products), vitamins, minerals and many substances that are not plant-derived but exist in nature, such as glucosamine from shellfish

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are dietary supplements regulated by?

A

Dietary supplements are regulated by the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA) of 1994

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does that DSHEA require?

A

DSHEA requires the manufacturer to ensure that their products are safe before they are marketed. Once the supplement is marketed, the FDA must show it is “unsafe” before it can restrict use or remove it from the marketplace. The company selling or distributing the supplement must forward adverse event reports to the FDA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Where can adverse events from supplements be reported?

A

FDA’s Safety Reporting Portal, which sorts safety issues to the correct FDA site

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is FDAble?

A

FDAble is a searchable database of adverse events caused by dietary supplements, medications, devices and tobacco products

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Where can information of natural medicines be found?

A

Information on natural medicines can be found in general drug references and the Natural Medicines Database

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are some differences between dietary supplements and drugs?

A
  • Supplement safety is the manufacturer’s responsibility, which should be proven prior to release. After release, the FDA can remove a supplement if it is found to be unsafe. In contrast, drugs must be proven safe and effective to the FDA prior to release
  • Supplements cannot claim to treat, cure or mitigate (lessen) a condition. In contrast, drug claims are baed on FDA approval
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is on a supplements facts label?

A

The Supplement Facts label is similar to the label required on food products. It includes the ingredients, quantities, serving size, servings/container, calories, calories from fat, total fat and saturated fat, cholesterol, sodium, carbohydrate, dietary fiber, sugars, protein, vitamin A, vitamin C, calcium and iron, when present in measurable amounts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is on an OTC Drug Facts label?

A

The OTC Drug Facts label includes ingredients, purpose, uses, warning, instructions, excipients and how to avoid an allergic reactions. OTC drugs can include a package insert similar to prescription drugs; this depends on the product’s approval process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What kinds of claims can manufacturers not make with dietary supplements?

A

Manufacturers cannot make claims that the product treats or cures a condition. Health claims are limited to the nutrient content, the relationship to health and the impact on normal body structure or function. Products that make claims on the structure or function of the body must state in a “disclaimer” that the FDA has not evaluated the claim

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What organizations establishes standards for dietary supplements?

A

United States Pharmacopeia (USP)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are four areas of particular concern for supplements?

A

Four areas of particular concern are supplements that interact with prescription drugs, increase bleeding risk or cause hepatotoxicity or cardiotoxicity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What do dietary supplements facts label include?

A

The Supplement Facts label includes the recommended daily intake (RDI) and the amount of each ingredient in the product

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is a label update associated with folic acid?

A

It will have units listed on labels in DFE instead of in micrograms. Folic acid 600 mcg DFE = 360 mcg of folic acid daily, the RDA for women in child-bearing years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are some significant drug interactions of St. John’s Wort?

A
  • SJW induces CYP450 3A4, 2C19, 2C9, 1A2 enzymes and p-glycoprotein (P-gp), which lowers levels of other drugs
  • SJW is serotonergic and is often implicated in serotonin syndrome
  • SJW causes photosensitivity and requires counseling on sun protection and avoidance
  • SJW may lower the seizure threshold
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are some supplements that may increase bleeding risk?

A
  • The “5 G’s”: garic, ginger, ginkgo, ginseng and glucosamine
  • Fish oils (at higher doses)
  • Vitamin E
  • Dong quai
  • Willow bark
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are some examples of supplements with risk of liver toxicity?

A

Black cohosh, kava, chaparral, comfrey, green tea “extracts”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are some supplements with risk of cardiac toxicity?

A
  • Ephedra was removed from the market due to reports of cardiac toxicity
  • DMAA (dimethylamylamine) is an amphetamine derivative used in body-building or performance-enhancement (increases blood pressure and heart rate)
  • Licorice contains glycyrrhizin (Glycyrrhizin, taken in excess, can lower potassium and increase blood pressure)
  • Yohimbe is used to increase libido and for ED (raises blood pressure, increases heart rate and has a risk of seizures)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Describe the health risks of caffeine

A
  • Caffeine taken in usual doses is not harmful; in excessive doses, caffeine can raise blood pressure and increase heart rate
  • Caffeine is present in supplements for weight loss, energy and body-building (many have high caffeine content)
  • Caffeine is present in black tea, green tea, cocoa (including chocolate), yerba mate, guarana and kombucha
  • Green tea “extract” (with various unknown contents) has been linked to liver damage in body-building products
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Describe the health benefits of caffeine

A
  • Caffeine increases alertness, helps with weight management and can be useful in treating headaches
  • Green tea, in reasonable amounts, helps lower LDL and triglycerides
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are medical foods?

A

They are compounds used to meet a nutritional need, which should be used under medical supervision, yet not all require a prescription

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the FDA requirements for Medical Foods?

A
  • Taken enterally (by mouth or with enteral feeding tube)
  • Taken under supervision of a health care professional
  • Intended to treat a condition with a known nutritional requirement
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are some commonly used medical foods?

A

Commonly used medical foods include L-methylfolate, used for depression, L-methylfolate, B6 and B12 (Metanx) used for neuropathic pain and phosphatidylserine conjugated to different forms of enriched omega-3 fatty acids used for mild cognitive impairment and ADHD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is an example of a safety concern of a medical food?

A

A medical food used for osteoarthritis, flavocoxid (Limbrel), has been linked to hepatotoxicity and pneumonitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are some commonly used supplements for the treatment of anxiety?

A

Valerian, passionflower, kava, St. John’s Wort, Chamomile, 5-HTP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are some commonly used supplements for the treatment of ADHD?

A

Omega-3 fatty acids, “fish oils,” polyunsaturated fatty acids, contains docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are some commonly used supplements for the treatment of cold sores?

A

L-lysine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are some commonly used supplements for the treatment of colds and flu?

A

Echinacea, zinc, vitamin C, eucalyptus oil, probiotics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are some commonly used supplements for the treatment of dementia/memory?

A

Ginkgo, Vitamin E, Vitamin D, Acetyl-L-carnitine, Vinpocetine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are some commonly used supplements for the treatment of depression?

A

St. John’s Wort, SAMe (S-adenosyl-L-methionine), Valerian, 5-HTP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are some commonly used supplements for the treatment of diabetes?

A

Alpha lipoic acid, chromium, cassia cinnamon, magnesium, american ginseng, panax ginseng

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are some commonly used supplements for the treatment of dyslipidemia?

A

Red yeast rice, omega-3 fatty acids, garlic, plant sterol, fibers, artichoke extract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are some commonly used supplements for the treatment of dyspepsia?

A

Calcium, magnesium, peppermint, chamomile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are some commonly used supplements for the treatment of energy/weight loss?

A

Bitter orange, caffeine, guarana, green tea powder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What are some commonly used supplements for the treatment of erectile dysfunction?

A

Ginseng, L-arginine, Yohimbe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What are some commonly used supplements for the treatment of heart failure?

A

Coenzyme Q10 (ubiquinone), Hawthorn, Omeg-3 fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What are some commonly used supplements for the treatment of hypertension?

A

Omega-3 fatty acids, L-arginine, Coenzyme Q10, garlic, fiber, potassium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What are some commonly used supplements for the treatment of gastrointestinal health?

A

Fibers, chamomile, probiotics, peppermint, horehound, wheatgrass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What are some commonly used supplements for the treatment of inflammation?

A

Omega-3 fatty acids, flax seeds/oil, turmeric

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What are some commonly used supplements for the treatment of insomnia/sleep?

A

Melatonin, valerian, chamomile, lemon balm, passionflower, coenzyme Q10, 5-HTP and L-tryptophan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What are some commonly used supplements for the treatment of liver disease?

A

Milk thistle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What are some commonly used supplements for the treatment of migraine prophylaxis?

A

Feverfew, Butterbur, Magnesium, Riboflavin, Coenzyme Q10, Guarana

44
Q

What are some commonly used supplements for the treatment of motion sickness?

A

Ginger, peppermint

45
Q

What are some commonly used supplements for the treatment of osteoarthritis?

A

Glucosamine, Chondroitin, SAMe, Turmeric

46
Q

What are some commonly used supplements for the treatment of osteoporosis?

A

Calcium, Vitamin D, Soy, Ipriflavone

47
Q

What are some commonly used supplements for the treatment of prostate health?

A

Saw palmetto, lycopene, pygeum, pumpkin seed

48
Q

What are some commonly used supplements for the treatment of skin conditions?

A

Tea tree oil, aloe vera,, topical vitamin D, biotin

49
Q

What are some commonly used supplements for the treatment of bUTI?

A

Cranberry, yogurt, probiotics

50
Q

What are some commonly used supplements for the treatment of weight loss?

A

Garcinia, cambogia

51
Q

What are some safety issues associated with 5-HTP?

A

Serotonergic, increases risk with other serotonergic drugs

52
Q

What are some safety issues associated with artichoke extract?

A

Allergic reactions, cross-sensitivity with other members of Asteraceae family

53
Q

What are some safety issues associated with bitter melon?

A

Decreases blood glucose; caution with hypoglycemic drugs

54
Q

What are some safety issues associated with bitter orange?

A

Stimulant; dose-related increases BP, increases HR, arrhythmia risk

55
Q

What are some safety issues associated with black cohosh?

A

May be hepatotoxic. Do not use medications for heart failure: ACE inhibitors, ARBs, beta-blockers, amiodarone

56
Q

What are some safety issues associated with caffeine?

A

Dose-related (with high doses) dizziness, agitation, irritability, increases BP, increases HR

57
Q

What are some safety issues associated with chamomile?

A

Allergic reactions, cross-sensitivity with other members of Asteraceae family

58
Q

What are some safety issues associated with Chrondroitin?

A

Bleeding risk at higher doses, increases INR with warfarin

59
Q

What are some safety issues associated with Dong quai?

A

Increased bleeding risk

60
Q

What are some safety issues associated with echinacea?

A

Controversial safety with autoimmune disorders

61
Q

What are some notes/safety issues associated with evening primrose oil?

A

Provides essential fatty acids

62
Q

What are some notes/safety issues associated with Feverfew?

A

Mouth ulceration, increased bleeding risk

63
Q

What are some notes/safety issues associated withfibers?

A

GI effects, if not used to fiber intake

64
Q

What are some notes/safety issues associated with garcinia cambogia?

A

May be serotonergic

65
Q

What are some notes/safety issues associated with hawthorn?

A

Positive inotrope; avoid concurrent use with digoxin, decreased BP, caution for additive effect with BP-lowering drugs

66
Q

What are some notes/safety issues associated with Kava?

A

Avoid due to hepatotoxicity

67
Q

What are some notes/safety issues associated with L-arginine?

A

L-arginine converts into nitric oxide, decreased BP and increased dizziness, caution for additive effect with BP-lowering drugs; avoid concurrent use with nitrates

68
Q

What are some notes/safety issues associated with melatonin?

A

When used chronically for sleep, endogenous melatonin can be decreased, resulting in dependency for sleep

69
Q

What are some notes/safety issues associated with omega-3 fatty acids?

A

Increased bleeding risk with high doses, can increase LDL

70
Q

What are some notes/safety issues associated with passionflower?

A

QT prolongation

71
Q

What are some notes/safety issues associated with potassium

A

Potassium levels should be measured in a lab

72
Q

What are some notes/safety issues associated with probiotics?

A

Separate use from oral antibiotics

73
Q

What are some notes/safety issues associated with red yeast ruce>

A

CYP450 inhibitors will increase red yeast rice level; red yeast rice decreases CoQ10, which may increases myopathy risk; do not use with statins

74
Q

What are some notes/safety issues associated with SAMe?

A

Serotonergic, increases risk with other serotonergic drugs, increases bleeding risk, do not use in bipolar due to increase risk manic behavior

75
Q

What are some notes/safety issues associated with Soy, red clover, panax ginseng?

A

Soy might increase breast cancer risk in post menopausal women who are not producing estradiol

76
Q

What are some notes/safety issues associated with St. John’s wort?

A

Many drug interactions, serotonergic photosensitivity

77
Q

What are some notes/safety issues associated with Valerian?

A

Sedation, CNS depressant; risk with concurrent CNS depressants

78
Q

What are some notes/safety issues associated with Vinpocetine?

A

Vinpocetine is semi-synthetic and derived from a plant product

79
Q

What are some notes/safety issues associated with Vitamin C?

A

Nephrolithiasis with high doses, false-negative stool occult blood 48 to 72 hours after ascorbic acid ingestion

80
Q

What are some notes/safety issues associated with Vitamin E?

A

Do not exceed 400 IU daily; bleeding risk, CVD risk

81
Q

What are some notes/safety issues associated with Yohimbe?

A

Increased BP, increased HR, seizure risk

82
Q

What are some notes/safety issues associated with Zinc?

A

Nasal products can cause loss of smell

83
Q

Which vitamins remain insufficient for the majority of adults and children?

A

Calcium and vitamin D

84
Q

What conditions if thiamine deficiency common in?

A

Alcoholism and malabsorptive states, such as Crohn’s disease, following bariatric surgery, advanced HIV and several other conditions

85
Q

What is a complication of thiamine deficiency?

A

Thiamine deficiency can cause Wernicke’s encephalopathy

86
Q

What are some symptoms of Wernicke’s?

A

Symptoms of Wernicke’s include mental confusion, ataxia, tremor and vision changes

*As the symptoms of Wernicke’s fade, Korsakoff syndrome tends to develop, which is permanent neurologic damage

87
Q

Which class of medications can contribute to calcium deficiency?

A

Anticonvulsants can contribute to calcium deficiency

88
Q

When are some instances that calcium and vitamin D are recommended?

A
  • For all prescription medications for low bone density, adequate calcium and vitamin D supplementation should be recommended if dietary intake is inadequate
  • Patients who do not receive enough vitamin D from the sun or diet can benefit from supplementation with both calcium and vitamin D

*Low levels of vitamin D impairs calcium absorption

89
Q

What recommendations does the AAP recommend in terms of calcium and vitamin D supplementation for infants and children?

A
  • Exclusively breastfed infants or babies drinking less than 1 liter of baby formula need 400 IU of vitamin D daily
  • Older children who do not drink at least 4 cups of Vitamin D fortified milk also need vitamin D supplementation
90
Q

What are some complications that folate deficiency can cause?

A

Folate deficiency causes birth defects of the brain and spinal cord (neural tube defects)

91
Q

What is the recommended folate intake of all women of childbearing age?

A

All women of childbearing age should obtain 400 mcg/day of folic acid

92
Q

What is the folate requirement during pregnancy?

A

During pregnancy, folate requirements increase to 600 mcg/day. Folate should be taken at least one month before pregnancy and continued for the first 2-3 months of pregnancy

93
Q

What are some examples for foods that have folate?

A

Folate is in many healthy foods, including fortified cereals, dried beans, leafy green vegetables and orange juice

94
Q

How much folate do prescription prenatal vitamins usually contain?

A

1000 mcg or 1 mg of folate

95
Q

What is the iron supplement recommendation for children 0-4 months?

A

Supplemental iron is not required

96
Q

What is the iron supplement recommendation for children 4-6 months?

A
  • Formulas contain adequate iron; supplementation is not required
  • Breastfed babies need 1 mg/kg/day from 4-6 months old and until consuming iron-rich foods
  • At about 6 months, most breast fed babies get about half their calories from other foods, which may be adequate
97
Q

What is the iron supplement recommendation for children 6-12 months?

A

Need 11 mg/day of iron. Food sources are preferred; supplement as-needed

98
Q

What is the iron supplement recommendation for children 1-3 years?

A

Need 7 mg/day of iron. Food sources are preferred; supplement as needed

99
Q

What is the iron supplement recommendation for pre-term infants (< 37 weeks)?

A

Preterm (<37 weeks) breastfed infants should receive 2 mg/kg/day of elemental iron supplementation from age 1-12 months

100
Q

What is the iron supplement recommendation for adolescent girls?

A

Adolescent girls are at risk of anemia once menstruation begins. During this time, females should consume a diet high in iron-rich foods such as beans, eggs, fortified cereals and meats

101
Q

What are some examples of iron-only supplements?

A

Fer-In-Sol Iron Supplement Drops, Feosol tablets and caplets

102
Q

What is cannabidiol?

A

Cannabidiol is one cannabinoid found in the cannabis plant. CBD does no cause the “high” that can come from marijuana use and it does not appear to cause physical or psychological dependence

103
Q

What is homeopathy based on?

A

Homeopathy is based on “the law of similars” or the concept that “like is cured by like.” This is when very small amounts of an active substance are given to stimulate the body to react against similar symptoms produced by that same substance when given at a higher dose

104
Q

Describe the X and C dilution scales

A

An X represents a 1:10 dilution and C represents a 1:100 dilution of solute:solvent. The number in front of the X or C is the number of dilutions

105
Q

What is the official compendium for homeopathic medicines

A

Homeopathic Parhmacopoeia of the UnitedStaes. The HPUS publishes standards for homeopathic substances, including the identity, origin and quality assuance methods

NAPLEX Review (45 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions