Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CRRAB II- Week 3 > Diebel: Micro Respiratory Infectious Diseases 1 > Flashcards

Diebel: Micro Respiratory Infectious Diseases 1 Flashcards

1
Q

How do bacteria cause disease?

A
  1. Toxin production–bacteria release toxin that cause illness
  2. Host immune response- response of host to bacteria that cause illness
  3. Bacterial proliferation and invasion–growth and spread of bacteria that cause damage that is significant in illness.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How do viruses cause disease?

A
  1. Cytopathic effect
  2. Host immune response
  3. Tumorigenesis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the cytopathic effect?

A

VIRAL INFECTION disrupts normal cell physiology>

death and disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the host immune response?

A

Response of HOST to VIRUS>

illness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is tumorigenesis?

A

VIRAL INFECTOIN>

uncontrolled proliferation of infected cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Why is the RT frequently infected?

A

It is in DIRECT contact w/ the environment>

constant exposure to microorgs in the air

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are infections of the URT?

A
  1. Otitis externa
  2. Otitis media
  3. sinusitis
  4. rhinitis (common cold)
  5. pharyngitis
  6. epiglottis
  7. laryngitis/croup
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are LRT infections?

A
  1. bronchitis
  2. bronchiolitis
  3. pneumonia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the anatomic features of the RT that help to ward off potential pathogens?

A
  1. mucociliary lining of the nasal cavity
  2. Change of direction of the airway from the sinuses to hte pharynx (location of adenoids)
  3. Ciliary elevator
  4. Normal flora competition (staphylococci)–> block potential colonization event
  5. Alveolar macrophages (innate)
  6. IgA secretion into mucosal lining of the airway (adaptive)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the 2 main obstacles that microorgs must overcome to INITIATE infection in the RT?

A
  1. Avoid/survive the MUCUS LAYERS of the RT> lead to swallowing of pathogen
  2. Avoid PHAGOCYTOSIS or be able to survive/multiply in a phagocytic cell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the baffle plates?

A

AKA turbinate bones

Covered w/ mucus that collects particles NOT filtered by nasal hairs. Cause air to SWIRL as it passes over FORCING potential pathogens to make contact with the mucus covering the nasal passages.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Where is the mucociliary escalator located?

A

Covers must of the bronchi, bronchioles and nose.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the mucociliary escalator composed of?

A
  1. mucus producing GOBLET CELLS

2. CILIATED EPITHELIUM–continually beat and push mucus up towards the throat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is a major barrier against infection in the respiratory system?

A

mucociliary escalator!

Microorganisms hoping to infect the respiratory tract are caught in the sticky mucus and moved up by the mucociliary escalator

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does smoking do to hte mucociliary escalator?

A

PARALYZE the cilia of the mucuciliary escalator

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the normal biota in the LRT?

A

NONE!

Considered a sterile environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What conditions must be met to establish infection?

A
  1. sufficient DOSE of pathogen inhaled
  2. AIRBORNE particle
  3. VIABLE airborn particle
  4. Deposited on TISSUE SUSCEPTIBLE TO INFECTION
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the pathogens of the common cold? Which one is most common?

A

VIRAL infections

Rhino most common

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the pathogens of sinusitis? Which ones are most common?

A

BACTERIAL SECONDARY infections

S. pneumoniae
H. influenza

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the pathogens of pharyngitis? MC?

A

Viral AND bacterial

Viral- 90%

Bacterial- s. pyogenes and C. diptheriae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What pathogens cause laryngitis/croup? MC?

A

MOSTLY viral

Parainfluenza and RSV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Does the common cold cause a fever?

A

typically NOT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

When is a cold most common?

A

winter months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the top viruses that cause the common cold?

A

rhino
adeno
corona

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the clinical progression of a common cold? When does a cough appear?

A
  1. Stuffiness, sneezing, HA
  2. Nasal cavity fills w/ fluid
  3. Tiredness, watery eyes, sore throat, slight fever, anorexia

Cough appears if it moves into the LOWER RT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Is the common cold common worldwide?

A

YES!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

How often do children and adults get colds?

A

Children (<5)- several per year

Adults- 2-3 per year

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

How is the common cold spread?

A

person to person> hand to hand contact

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of rhinovirus?

A

Inhale infectious droplet>
infects cells lining nasal passage/pharynx by attaching to ICAM-1>
localized inflammation and LYTIC infection>
ciliated epithelial cells are destroyed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

When do rhinitis sxs peak?

A

2-5 days post infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

How long does it take cells to regenerate post rhinitis?

A

14 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What happens if a secondary bacterial infection by normal flora occurs post rhinitis?

A

CHANGE from clear nasal secretions to PURULENT nasal secretions.

SINUS BLOCKAGE can lead to sinusitis or otitis media.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What can cause complications w/ rhinitis?

A

Infection gains access to lower RT>

bronchitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the treatment for the common cold?

A

supportive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is acute rhinosinusitis?

A

Inflammation or infection of the mucosa of the nasal passages and at least ONE of the paranasal sinuses.

36
Q

How long does rhinosinusitis typically last?

A

no more than 4 weeks (self limiting)

37
Q

What are the 2 MCC of community acquired actue bacterial rhinosinusitis? Other pathogens?

A
  1. Streptococcus pneumoniae
  2. Haemophilius influenze
  3. S. pygoenes
  4. S. Aureus
38
Q

A pt presents with sneezing, rhinorrhea, nasal congestion w/ postnasal drip, aural fullness, facial pressure, HA, sore throat, cough, fever and muscle aches. What may they have?

A

Rhinosinusitis

39
Q

What can a Viral URI predispose you to?

A

Secondary bacterial infection

40
Q

When might you diagnose a fungal sinusitis?

A

RARE but can be identified if antibacterial drugs FAIL to clear a sinus infection.

41
Q

What is the MCC of fungal sinusitis?

A

Aspergillus fumigatus

42
Q

How long does it take sinusitis to resolve?

A

5-7 days

usually without medical treatment

43
Q

What type of infections can follow the common cold, dental extractions and rhinitis d/t allergies?

A

Bacterial sinus infections

44
Q

If an ADULT pt has moderate sxs of rhinosinusitis that persists BEYOND 7 DAYS or severe symptoms of any duration that include FACE SWELLING OR TOOTH PAIN, what might you diagnose?

A

Acute bacterial rhinosinusitis

45
Q

When might you diagnose acute bacterial rhinosinusitis in children?

A

Moderate sxs of rhinosinusitis that last LONGER THAN 10-14 DAYS or when there are severe sxs of any duration that include a FEVER >102 W/ FACIAL PAIN/SWELLING.

46
Q

How do you treat viral rhinosinusitis?

A

symptomatic treatment

47
Q

What treatment is recommended for bacterial rhinosinusitis?

A

Antibiotic–start w/ broad spectrum

48
Q

What are symptomatic treatments for sinusitis?

A
  1. oral hydration w/ nasal saline washes
  2. acetaminophen and decongestants
  3. mucolytics
49
Q

What is the initial antibiotic therapy recommended for sinusitis?

A

amoxicillin (augmentin)

azithromycin

50
Q

What causes most sore throats?

VIRUSES

A

90% in adults

75% in children

51
Q

What is the MC bacterial cause of acute pharyngitis?

A

s. pyogenes

52
Q

If a pt presents w/ fever, sore throat, edema and hyperemia of the tonsils and pharyngeal walls you would suspect…

A

Pharyngitis

53
Q

What sxs of pharyngitis suggest a viral cause?

A 
Conjuntivitis
cough
hoarseness
inflammation of mucus membrane
diarrhea
54
Q

How do pts w/ pharyngitis caused by s. pyogenes present?

A

Fever
severe pain upon swallowing
SUDDEN onset

maybe HA, N and V, and abdominal pain

55
Q

How do you confirm a suspected s. pyogenes infection?

A

RAPID strep test is required (detect surface ag of bacterial cells in back of throat)

56
Q

How do you treat s. pyogenes pharyngitis? Why?

A

antibiotics to BLOCK the develoment of glomerulonephritis and RF

w/in the 9 days of the first sign of infection

57
Q

Pharyngitis d/t s. pyogenes is commonly seen in what demographic?

A

Children 5-15

58
Q

How does pharyngitis spread?

A

person to person contact

59
Q

What is the pathogenesis of viral pharyngitis?

A

Virus gains access to mucosal cells lining nasopharynx>
replicates>
damages host cells at sites of replication

60
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of bacterial pharyngitis?

A

S. pyogenes attaches to mucosal epithelial cells using M PROTEIN, LIPOTEICHOIC ACID AND FIBRONECTIN BINDING PROTEIN (protein F).

61
Q

What prevents phagocytosis of s. pyogenes?

A

Capsule made of hyaluronic acid

62
Q

What invasion factors are associated w/ s. pyogenes?

A

protease and hyaluronidase

63
Q

What is the treatment for pharyngitis?

A

Supportive for all cases

viral- acetaminophen and warm saline gargles

64
Q

How do you treat s. pyogenes infections?

A

penicillin G or erythromycin (if allergic to penicillin)

65
Q

How does s. pyogenes cause scarlet fever? What encodes the exotoxins?

A

Secretes streptococcal pyogenic exotoxins (SpeA, SpeB, SpeC and SpeF). These toxins are superantigens.

Lysogenized bacteriophage (NOT hte bacteria itself)

66
Q

Who is most at risk for scarlet fever? What sxs are indicative of scarlet fever?

A

Children

Strawberry tongue and full body rash

67
Q

What is the difference between staph and strep in terms of response to H202?

A

Staph- uses catalase to break O2 into water

Strep- uses peroxidase to break O2 into water

68
Q

What is Diptheria toxin? What happens if it reaches the blood stream?

A

AB EXOTOXIN that comes from genes of a LYSOGENIZED PHAGE.

Myocarditis (HF) and Neuritis (temporary paralysis of hte limbs, soft palate and daiphragm)

69
Q

How does Diptheria use the AB exotoxin to infect cells?

A

B binds surface of host cell>
Allows A to gain access to host environment>
A acts against EF2>
blocks ability of cell to translate protein>
cell death

70
Q

A child presents w/ fever, restlessness and SOB. What might they have?

A

Croup

71
Q

How does croup usually progress?

A

Mild URI w/ cold-like sxs, nasal congestion, sore throat and cough that lasts 2-3 days.

Followed by harsh BARK LIKE cough

72
Q

When does respiratory stridor usually occur in a child w/ croup?

A

At night

73
Q

What are sxs of severe croup?

A

Inspiratory stridor at rest w/ nasal flaring
Suprasternal and intercostal retractions

Hypoxemia> lethargy/agitaiton

74
Q

When do croup sxs usually peak and resolve?

A

Peak- 3-5 days

Resolve 4-7 days

75
Q

How do you spread croup?

A

person to person contact

76
Q

What age children are most susceptible to croup?

A

6 mos to 3 years

Boys

77
Q

When does croup usually occur?

A

late fall and early winter

78
Q

Why are giant multinucleated cells often seen w/ RSV?

A

F proteins on surface of virus cause cell membranes on nearby cells to fuse

79
Q

A woman presents with a runny nose, sneezing, an irritable throat, and a slight fever. She suffers similar symptoms every year, often at the same time as other members of her family. Her symptoms go away within a week, except for the nasal discharge that persists for a few more days.

A

Common Cold

80
Q

A father brings his baby girl to the ED in the middle of the night. Before leaving the house, the girl had a high fever, nasal discharge, and a barking cough. Now, however, the barking cough seems to have disappeared. The doctor on call realizes that the cool night air probably relieved the child’s symptoms before she arrive at the hospital. Because no inspiratory stridor is noted on physical exam, the doctor sees no need to give the girl corticosteroids and assures the father that the illness will go away in a few days.

A

Croup- RSV

81
Q

A young immigrant girl (suspect vaccination schedule) goes to the doctor complaining of a sore throat and difficulties in swallowing and breathing. Her voice is unusually nasal and a large gray mucous film is noticed on the oropharynx. The patient also exhibits a slight paralysis on her tongue. Her blood pressure is low. Her physician begins immediate treatment and orders a potassium tellurite culture to confirm his worst suspicions.

A

Diptheria

82
Q

How do you prevent diptehria?

A

DTap and TDaP vacine

83
Q

How do you treat diptheria?

A

antitoxin PLUS penicillilin or erythromycin

84
Q

What is indicative of bacteria on an agar plate?

A

Corynebacteria can reduce potassium tellurite (K2TeO3) to elemental tellurium (black).

85
Q

A 8-year-old child had a sore throat, difficulty swallowing, and fever for 5 days. Examination was remarkable for fever; and an extensive red rash on the neck, groin, armpit (axillae). A bright red lingual papillae superimposed on a white coat (Strawberry tongue), exudative tonsillitis and cervical lymphadenopathy

A

Scarlet Fever- s pyogenes

86
Q

If you see a culture w/ beta hemolysis w/ bacitracin sensitivity you know its…

A

s. pyogenes

CRRAB II- Week 3 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions