Dictionary Terms 213-314 Flashcards
Union between two or more bones. Several types
Joint (anatomy)
Sac-like Struve enveloping a joint, contains all the element of the joint such as cartilage, synovial membrane and fluid
Joint capsule
OCD lesion. A free fragment of ossified hyaline cartilage within a synovial joint. May need to be removed
Joint mouse
Principle component of skin, hair, nails, hooves and horn (but not antlers)
Keratin
Process in which keratinocytes mature forming the horny outer layer of skin
Keratinisation
Cornified
Keratinized
Skin cells, common in the epidermis, that produce keratin
Keratinicyte
Substance able to soften or to cause peeling of the hornet layer
Keratolytic
Slow growing tumour of the underlying structures of the hoof wall
Keratoma
Equine carpus. Carpus is the preferred term to avoid confusion
Knee
Arched back I.e. Ventroflexion. Part of normal movement, or may be per meant malignment
Kyphosis
Product of anaerobic glycolysis. Enables glycolysis to continue when ATP demand is high
Lactate (biochemistry)
does not exist at the body pH. It is present as lactate.
Lactic acid (biochemistry)
Lactate produced by intense exercise requires oxygen to be metabolised to glucose or used as an energy source
Lactic debt
These attach to the coffin bone to the hoof wall
Laminae
Inflammation of the sensitive laminae of the hoof
Laminitis
Change in gait due to pain or mechanical fault. Graded 0-5 or 0-10. Very subjective
Lameness
Cells in the epidermis that are important in generating immune response
Langerhans
Paralysis affecting just one side of the larynx. Also called roaring. Condition is usually due to damage to either of the two recurrent laryngeal nerves
Laryngeal
Portion of the pharynx just rostal to the larynx. Common entry for Naso- and oropharynxes
Laryngopharynx
Dormant stage of an infection. Though present it is not actively replicating so cannot be detected by normal methods of investigation
Latent
Paired shock absorbing fibro-cartilage ours extensions to the pedal bone (P3)
Lateral cartilages
Lying down on one side
Lateral recumbency
Extra-capsular technique to stabilise the stifle after CCL injury. Only for small dogs <15kg
Lateral retinacular imbrication (orthopaedics)
Flushing out (irrigation) of a wound
Lavage
Fatty acid component of the outer surface of cellular membranes
Lecithin
Malignant tumour of smooth muscle cells
Leiomyosarcoma
Refers to any abnormality of tissue structure due to disease
Lesion
Degenerative brain disorder thought to be caused by a toxin produced from a mold. Has a number of common names including Blind Staggers, Corn Stalk Disease and Moldy Corn poisoning
Leukoencephalomalacia
Lowered number of white blood cells
Leukopaenia
Compounds that act as modulators of inflammatory and allergic reactions
Leukotrienes
Involved in the hormonal control of ovulation
Leutinising hormone (LH)
A band of fibrous tissue stabilising and providing support for a joint
Ligament
To tie off - as in tie off an artery
Ligate
An enzyme that breaks down fat
Lipase
Fats
Lipids
Synonym for trismus, a clinical sign of tetanus
Lockjaw
Downward curvature of the spine (I.e. Dorsiflexion), part of normal movement, or may be permanent malignment
Lordosis
Dislocation of a joint
Luxation
Clear fluid that circulates in the lymph vessels
Lymph
Specialised nodule acting as a filter for lymphatic fluid
Lymph node
A white blood cell which is responsive to the presence of a foreign body. It has an important role in the action of the immune response. Different types
Lymphocyte
A malignant tumour of lymphocytes
Lymphoma
The breakdown or softening of skin cells as a result of over exposure to moisture or to some tropical medication
Maceration
An important specialised white blood cell, it’s fuction is to ingest cellular debris or foreign bodies. These cells destroy ingested microorganisms. They process ingested antigens as an initial stage in the process of eliciting a specific immune response. They also synthesise enzymes such as coagulation factors
Macrophage
Lower jaw
Mandible
These specialised cells are involved in the development of an allergy. They are found in skin and in the inner lining of body surfaces
Mast cells
Upper jaw
Maxilla
Towards the inside, nearer the median plane
Medial
The innermost part of a organ
Medulla
A giant cell which is the precursor of platelets, it is present in bone marrow
Megakaryocyte
Cell division process leading to formation of gametes
Meiosis
Inflammation of the meninges
Meningitis
Average or normal skull shape. Labradors are typical
Mesaticephalic /mesencephalic
The conversion of nutrients into energy
Metabolism
The long bones distal to the carpus
Metacarpal
The region beneath the growth plate (epiphysis) of the bone
Metaphysis
Change in cell type
Metaplasia
The spread of tumour cells from the primary neoplasm to other body regions
Metastasis (cells)
Specialised organelles that are responsible for energy production
Mitichondria (cells)
Process of cell,at replication. The cell divides to form two exact copies of the original cell
Mitosis
Large grinding teeth
Molars (cells)
Technically the bending force on a lever, equivalent to torque
Moment
White blood cells that convert into active macrophages when they enter tissue
Monocytes (cells)
Nerve supplying myofibres in skeletal muscles
Motor
Lubricating membranes that line the mouth, digestive tract, respiratory tract, and the urinary tract
Mucous
Fractures in more than one bone
Multiple fracture (orthopaedics)
Fatty substance forming the myelin sheath which surrounds many nerve axons. It facilitates the conduction of electrical impulses along the nerve path
Myelin (cells)
Any disorder affecting the spinal cord
Myelopathy
Muscle layer of the heart muscle. Made from mononucleate myocytes joined by gap junctions
Myocardium
Repetitive involuntary twitches of contractions of muscles
Myoclonus (muscle)
Muscle cells. Contain myofibrils. Cardiac, skeletal or smooth variants
Myocytes
Threadlike elements making up the myofibrils. The myofibrils are made of even smaller microfilaments
Myofibrils
Pigment of muscle tissue that store oxygen within the myocytes. Gives muscles their colour
Myoglobin (Mb)
Death of muscle cells
Myonecrosis
Any muscle disorder
Myopathy
Essential protein content of muscles that is responsible for muscle contractions
Myosin
The active head of a myosin molecule that lyses ATP and generates movement of the actin-myosin unit in striated muscle
MyosinATPase
Inflammation of a muscle
Myositis
Rear portion of the nasal cavity, this lies above the soft palate
Nasopharynx
Lameness resulting from damage to the navicular bone. This is the most common cause of intermittent lameness in the equine forelimb
Navicular
Lesions of the navicular bone (distal sesamoid bone). Creates subtle lameness
Navicular syndrome
Cell death
Necrosis
Made up of dead cells
Necrotic
Tumour, abnormal, uncontrolled growth. Malignant or benign
Neoplasia
Growth of new blood cells into a tumour rooted abnormal site
Neovascularisation
Inflammation of the kidney
Nephritis
The functional units of the kidney
Nephrons
Perineural anaesthesia
Nerve block
Surgically severing a nerve to reduce pain
Neurectomy
Inflammation of a nerve
Neuritis
Benign tumour of the nervous system arising from Schwann cells
Neurofibroma
Tumour arising from a nerve
Neuroma
Connections between
Muscle cells and adjacent nerves. These are specialised extensions of sarcolemma
Neuromuscular
A disorder affecting neurons and muscle fibres
Neuromyopathy
A nerve cell. The cell bodies make up the grey matter, the axons make up the white matter
Neurone (neuron)
Toxin that specifically targets nerve cells
Neurotoxin
A chemical used in the nervous system. Used to convert electrical impulses into chemical messages, ensuring one way transmission across a synapse
Neurotransmitter
The band of string connective tissue which provides support for the neck
Nuchal
I.e. DNA and RNA
Nucleic
An individual unit of DNA
Nucleotide
A disease arising from an imbalance of calcium and phosphorus in the diet. It can result in loss of calcium from the bones (common name Millers Disease)
Nutritional
