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PMod > Diathermy > Flashcards

Diathermy Flashcards

1
Q

Speed of Light

A

3x10^8

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2
Q

Wavelength, Frequency, Relationship

A

The longer the wavelength, the lower the frequency and energy

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3
Q

Non-ionizing

A

Radio
Microwave
Infrared
Visible
Ultraviolet

< or equal to 10 eV

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4
Q

Ionizing

A

Ultraviolet
X-Ray
Gamma Rays

> or equal to 10 eV

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5
Q

Optimum radiation occurs when the source is
perpendicular to the center of the surface to be radiated.

A

LAMBERT’S COSINE LAW / RIGHT
ANGLE LAW

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6
Q

Use the head perpendicularly

A

LAMBERT’S COSINE LAW / RIGHT
ANGLE LAW

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7
Q

Intensity of radiation is inversely proportional to the distance squared.

I = 1/d^2

A

INVERSE SQUARE LAW

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8
Q

Appropriate distance of the machine for treatment

A

INVERSE SQUARE LAW

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9
Q

Waves must be absorbed to be beneficial (induce chemical processes).

A

LAW OF GROTHUS-DRAPER / DRAPER
LAW / PRINCIPLE OF CHEMICAL
ACTIVATION

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10
Q

Ensure proper absorption of radiation

A

LAW OF GROTHUS-DRAPER / DRAPER
LAW / PRINCIPLE OF CHEMICAL
ACTIVATION

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11
Q

There is an optimal amount of energy absorption
per unit time for beneficial results to be expected.

A

ARNDT-SCHULTZ PRINCIPLE

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12
Q

Dosage determination (Intensity = warmth)

A

ARNDT-SCHULTZ PRINCIPLE

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13
Q

Intensity and duration of the dose of radiant energy
is inversely proportional.

A

BUNSEN-ROSCOE LAW OF
RECIPROCITY

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14
Q

Adjustment of parameters in treatment

A

BUNSEN-ROSCOE LAW OF
RECIPROCITY

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15
Q

“to heat through” or “through heating

A

dia & thermia

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16
Q

Diathermy first used in __ by __

A

1892, Jacques Arsene d’Arsonval

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17
Q

application of _____ electromagnetic
energy to produce heat and
other physiological changes
within tissues.

A

Shortwave & microwave

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18
Q

Wavelength LWD

A

300-30m

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19
Q

LWD Penetration Depth

A

Deep

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20
Q

LWD Therapeutic Use

A

No longer used

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21
Q

SWD Wavelength

A

200-3 m

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22
Q

SWD Frequency

A

1.8-30 MHz

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23
Q

SWD Frequency Bands

A

13.56 MHz (22 m)
27.12 MHz (11 m)–
40.68 MHz (7.5 m)

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24
Q

SWD Penetration Depth

A

Deeper

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25
Q

SWD Therapeutic Use

A

For rehabilitation

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26
Q

MWD Wavelength

A

(1m – 1mm)

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27
Q

MWD Frequency

A

300 MHz – 300 GHz

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28
Q

MWD Frequency Bands

A

433.9 MHz (69 cm)
915 MHz (33 cm)
2,450 MHz (12 cm)

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29
Q

MWD Penetration Depth

A

Deepest

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30
Q

MWD Therapeutic Use

A

For rehabilitation

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31
Q

Factors of Tissue Absorption

A

Amount of energy
* Tissue type

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32
Q

Not reflected by bones & do
not concentrate on
periosteum (no periosteal
burning or pain)

A

SW Diathermy

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33
Q

Heats larger areas

A

SW Diathermy

34
Q

Some energy is being
absorbed directly by
the fatty tissues

A

MWD

35
Q

Some energy is being
reflected to the fatty
tissue at fat-muscle
interface

A

MWD

36
Q

Thermal Effects of Diathermy

A

▪ Pain control
▪ Accelerated tissue healing
▪ inc blood flow (vasodilation)
▪ inc metabolism
▪ dec joint stiffness
▪ inc collagen extensibility
▪ Muscle relaxation
▪ In conjunction with
stretching to inc ROM

Achieved when using
continuous mode

37
Q

Non Thermal Effects of Diathermy

A

inc microvascular perfusion
▪ Modulates cell growth &
division
▪ Accelerates process, if slow
▪ Inhibits process, if fast
▪ Accelerates Ca^2+ binding to
calmodulin
▪ inc rate of phagocytosis (SWD)
▪ inc ATP activity

Achieved when using both
modes

38
Q

Made of metal encased in plastic housing or
transmissive carbon rubber electrodes

A

CAPACITIVE PLATES / ELECTRIC FIELD METHOD

39
Q
  • Heating by electrical field method
A

CAPACITIVE PLATES / ELECTRIC FIELD METHOD

40
Q

CAPACITIVE PLATES / ELECTRIC FIELD METHOD
Techniques of Application:

A

Contra-planar / Transverse
Positioning

Co-planar Positioning

41
Q

CAPACITIVE PLATES / ELECTRIC FIELD METHOD

Plates in series on each side
of body part

A

Contra-planar / Transverse
Positioning

42
Q

CAPACITIVE PLATES / ELECTRIC FIELD METHOD

Plates in parallel on same
body surface

A

Co-planar Positioning

43
Q

CAPACITIVE PLATES / ELECTRIC FIELD METHOD

Types of Electrodes/Condenser:

A

Plates:
Capacitor / Condenser Electrodes

Pads:
Flexible / Condenser Pads

44
Q

CAPACITIVE PLATES / ELECTRIC FIELD METHOD

Distance between condenser & skin

A

1-3 inches (2-10 cm)

45
Q

CAPACITIVE PLATES / ELECTRIC FIELD METHOD

Most heating
occurs on tissues
with

A

highest
conductivity

46
Q

CAPACITIVE PLATES / ELECTRIC FIELD METHOD

Produces more
heat on

A

superficial tissues

47
Q

CAPACITIVE PLATES / ELECTRIC FIELD METHOD

Do not penetrate as effectively to deeper tissues if less

A

conductive tissues

48
Q

Muscle

A

0.7-0.9

49
Q

Kidney

A

0.83

50
Q

Liver

A

0.48-0.54

51
Q

Brain

A

0.46

52
Q

Fat

A

0.04-0.06

53
Q

Bone

A

0.01

54
Q

Made up of a coil where AC flows

A

INDUCTIVE COILS / MAGNETIC FIELD METHOD

55
Q

INDUCTIVE COILS / MAGNETIC FIELD METHOD

A
  • AC produces magnetic
    field → induces
    electrical Eddy
    currents in tissues →
    oscillation of charged
    particles → friction →
    generates heat
56
Q

INDUCTIVE COILS / MAGNETIC FIELD METHOD

Types of Electrodes/Condenser:

A

Drums:
❑ Diplode
❑ Monode

❑ Sleeves with
cables:
❑ Circumferential
effects on limbs

57
Q

Heats tissues
closest to the
applicator

A

INDUCTIVE COILS / MAGNETIC FIELD METHOD

58
Q

Most heating
occurs on tissues
with highest
conductivity

A

INDUCTIVE COILS / MAGNETIC FIELD METHOD

59
Q

Distance
* Slight air gap

A

INDUCTIVE COILS / MAGNETIC FIELD METHOD

60
Q

SHORTWAVE DIATHERMY (in general)
* Factors affecting field distribution:

A

Spacing: closer distance to tissue → more superficial
* Electrode size: smaller → more superficial

61
Q

For Non-thermal Effect…

A

Pulsed SWD (PSWD) / Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields (PEMF) / Pulsed Electromagnetic Energy (PEME)
* With “on” and “off” cycles

62
Q
  • Produces high-frequency AC
    in an antenna →
    electromagnetic field
  • Used for smaller, defined
    areas
A

MAGNETRON (CONDENSER)

63
Q

Most heating
occurs on tissues
with highest
conductivity;
however, it
penetrates less
deeply than SWD.

A

MAGNETRON (CONDENSER)

64
Q
  • Distance
  • Few inches
A

MAGNETRON (CONDENSER)

65
Q

Magnetron Tissue Heating

A

Shallow depth of
penetration

Direct Absorption by
the fatty tissues

Reflection at tissue
interfaces

66
Q

Inductive coil

Fat Muscle Bone

A

Minimum, Maximum, None

67
Q

Capacitive Plate

Fat Muscle Bone

A

Maximum, Moderate, Low

68
Q

Magnetron

Fat Muscle Bone

A

Maximum, Maximum, None

69
Q

Ultrasound

Fat Muscle Bone

A

Slight, Maximum, None

70
Q

Acute injuries (sprains, strains,
etc.)

A

Dose I Non-thermal

71
Q

Subacute injuries

A

Dose II Mild heat sensation

72
Q

Pain, muscle spasm, chronic
inflammation

A

Dose III Moderate heat
sensation
(comfortable)

73
Q

Increase blood flow, heating of
collagen fibers for stretching of
soft tissues
Commonly used intensity: mild, comfortable,

A

Dose IV Vigorous heating

74
Q

Indications for Diathermy

Thermal

A

▪ Pain control
▪ Accelerates tissue healing
▪ Decreases jointstiffness
▪ Increase soft tissue
extensibility

75
Q

Indications for Diathermy

NonThermal

A

▪ Pain and Edema Control
▪ Soft tissues healing
▪ Nerve and bone healing on
animal studies*

76
Q

Contraindications for Diathermy

A

▪ Pacemakers or electronic-implants
▪ Metal implants
▪ Malignancies
▪ Thrombophlebitis
▪ Over abdomen, low back or pelvis of pregnant women

77
Q

Contraindications Specific for thermal

A

▪ Over the eyes or testes
▪ Over growing epiphyses of
children
▪ Hemorrhage
▪ Contact lenses

78
Q

Contraindications Specific for Non thermal

A

Deep tissues (internal
organs)

79
Q

Precautions

A
  • External electronic medical devices nearby (EKG,
    EEG, TENS, & computer-controlled devices) = 3-5 m
    (10-16 ft) away from active diathermy devices
  • Copper-bearing intrauterine contraceptive devices
  • Obesity (Capacitive SWD & MWD)
  • Impaired sensation or circulation
  • Decreased consciousness
  • Over moist clothes or accumulated sweats
  • Atrophic, infected or damaged skin
  • Over growing epiphyses of children (PSWD)
  • Excessive exposure of PT to radiation
  • 1-2 m (Continuous SWD); 0.5-1 m (PSWD)
80
Q

Adverse Effect

A

Burns
* Blistering

81
Q

Documentation

A
  • Continuous SWD or MWD x model/Machine x
    < distance > x < treatment area >x position x 20
    min to < rationale >
  • Pulsed distance > x < treatment area >x position
    x 20 min to < rationale >

PMod (10 decks)

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