- stimulate vom centre (dopamine agonist) - irritate gastric mucose (epsom salts)

Diarrhoea Flashcards by Ella Townsend

What affects acid release in the stomach?

chemical stimulus from food (gastrin)
stretch in lumen (gastin)
parasympathetic NS (Ach)
histamine

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How does gastrin affect acid secretion?

Travels via blood then acts via ccKb receptor on K+/H+ ATPase

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What does vagal input do to GIT?

Increases tone so increases smooth muscle contractions - increase motility

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4 ways to treat constipation

lubricate (liquid parafin)
form bulk (fibre - stimulate defecation)
osmotic agents (Mg sulphate - stimulate defecation as distended)
stimulant - irritant

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two types of emetics

stimulate vom centre (dopamine agonist)

- irritate gastric mucose (epsom salts)

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two type of anti-emetics

dopamine antagonist (metoclopramide)

- M1 and H1 antagonist ( diphenylhydramine)

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5 types of gastro-protective and ulcer-healing drugs

antacids (CaCo3)
H2 antagonis (ranitidine)
proton pump inhibitor (omeprazole)
mucosal binding agents (sucralfate)
prostaglandin analogues (misoprostol)

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How do cows get metabolic acidosis from diarrhoea?

fermentation of starch and sugars in the hindgut produces H+ which pulls buffering ions into the lumen and are excreted.

increased problem with dia as stagnant food

and as hypovolaemic the kidney is under perfused so less able to buffer acid/base changes

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Why don’t you want to give antibiotics to young calves with diarrhoea?

can affect the developing GIT flora and will create problems later on

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How do rotavirus / coronavirus result in diarrhoea?

they are activated by int. proteolytic enzymes

attack ep cells of SI causing desquamation and reduction in absorptive capacity and secretory defence mechanisms

so get dia loosing water, sodium, chloride, bicarb

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How does ETEC cause diarrhoea?

uses F5 Ag to adhere to mucosa brush border and produces a heat labile toxin (enterotoxin) that causes hypersecretion of fluid into the gut causing rapid dehydration, collapse and death. (also produces heat stabile toxin)

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Why is ETEC more commonly found in very young calves?

At a week old receptors in the GIT to ETEC toxin are covered by mucus

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in adult horses where does dia come from?

always colon +/- SI

never just SI

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in a foal where can dia come from?

LI or SI

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How is diarrhoea in horses classified?

1) animal age
2) duration of signs
3) history -risk factors

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What are the most common causes of diarrhoea in foals upto 3/4 MO?

foal heat dia ( 7-10d old as starting to eat roughage)
rotavirus
salmonella
clostridia

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What are the most common causes of diarrhoea in older foals upto 10-12 MO?

parasitic (strongylus, culgaris, cyathostomins)
proliferative enteropathy (lawsonia intracellularis (at weaning -7m))
salmonella
clostridia

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What are the most common causes of diarrhoea in adult horses?

salmonella
clostridia
undiagnosed

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Signs of acute diarrhoea in horses

sudden onset
febrile
dehydrated
hypovolaemic
endotoxaemia

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Causes of acute diarrhoea in horses?

salmonella
parasite
costridia
antimicrobial associated
NSAID toxicity
sand enteropathy
carb overload

When is diarrhoea chronic in the horse?

after about 2 weeks, animal is coping

Common causes of chronic diarrhoea in horses?

salmonella
parasites
sand enteropathy
NSAID toxicity
IBD
dietary
neoplasia

3 main principles of therapy for diarrhoea in horses?

fluid therapy
endotoxaemia prevention / treatment
specific treatments for cause

What is endotoxaemia? and what are the associated signs?

when endotoxin from a G-ve bacteria enters the blood stream through a damaged mucosal barrier -
interacts with macrophages -
systemic infl —
depression, tachycardia, tachypnoea, fever, colic, dai, hyperaemic toxix mucous membranes

How to diagnose endotoxaemia?

low WBC low neutrophils presence of band neutrophils

4 ways to treat endotoxaemia

1) prevent endotoxin entering circulation (remove inf bowel) 2) neutralise endotoxin before it interacts with infl cells (polymixin B or plasma with Ab) 3) prevent synthesis, release or action of infl mediators (flunixin) 4) prevent endotoxin induced cellular activation

Foal endotoxaemia - cause and treatment?

Normally from bacteraemia and sepsis so give antibiotics

Most common causes of diarrhoea in young calves?

``` e.coli rotavirus coronavirus cryptosporidium salmonella coccidiosis mixed ```

What is ETEC ?

enterotoxigenic E.Coli | a strain that can cause enteric disease and villi stunting, metabolic acidosis, dehydration and electrolyte loss

common causes of diarrhoea in growing cows?

``` endoparasites rumen acidosis salmonella nutritional post-weaning scours ```

Common cause of diarrhoea in adult cows?

Johne's disease (MAP) , SARA salmonella winter dystentry

What is Johne's disease (MAP)?

mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis lymphocyte and macrophage infiltration of the mucosa causing it to be grossly thickened severe hosepipe faeces and weight loss may be zoonotic no cure so cull

What is melaena a sign of?

bleeding from upper GIT

what is dyschezia?

difficult or painful defecation (indicates colon obstruction)

what is heamatochezia?

fresh blood in stool (indicated colitis)

What is tenesmus?

ineffectual straining (colitis)

How is diarrhoea catagorised in the cat and dog?

acute / chronic | small / large intestine

Acute vs chronic diarrhoea in the cat and dog

Chronic = over 3 weeks

common causes of acute large bowel diarrhoea in the cat and dog?

whipworms clostridia giardia campylobacter

How is small bowel acute diarrhoea in the cat and dog divided?

systemic / no systemic signs

Common causes of small bowel acute diarrhoea in the cat and dog without systemic signs?

diet helminths protozoa iatrogenic

common causes of small bowel acute diarrhoea in the cat and dog with systemic signs?

``` bacteria (salmonella, campylobacter) viral (distemper, parvo, panleukopenia) toxins haemorrhagic gastroenteritis acute pancreatitis ```

common causes of chronic large bowel diarrhoea in the cat and dog?

``` IBD polyps food-responsive disease neoplase chronic partial obstruction tritrichomonas foetus (Cat) Neoplasia Stress Strictures ```

how is small bowel chronic diarrhoea in the cat and dog split?

Extra GI | GI

common causes of small bowel chronic diarrhoea in the cat and dog - extra GI causes?

metabolic - hepatic disease, hyperthyroidism, addisons, renal insufficiency pancreatic - EPI, chronic pancreatitis

common causes of small bowel chronic diarrhoea in the cat and dog - GI causes?

``` giardia chronic partial obstruction lymphangiectasia neoplasia food responsive disease IBD ```

``` Small vs large: (cat and dog) volume mucus frequency tenesmus dyschezia weight loss vom general condition meleana ```

``` volume - more with small mucus - large frequency - more in large tenesmus - large dyschezia - large weight loss - small vom - both condition - worse with small meleana - small ```

What is food responsive disease in cats and dogs?

diarrhoea improves with novel protein

Does large bowel diarrhoea cause weight loss?

No as all nutrients already been absorbed