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Equine 2 exam 2 > Diarrhea/enteritis > Flashcards

Diarrhea/enteritis Flashcards

1
Q

**altered secretion caused by diarrhea=

A

disrupted enterocyte tight junctions destroy ion gradients needed for absorption

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2
Q

What is the n flow from bloodstream to lumen??

A

Blood- enterocytes- lumen

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3
Q

** increased ____ secretion: Pivotal event governing electrolyte and water loss in ___ ____(a condition)

A

chloride; adult colitis

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4
Q

**abn fluid and ion transport by GI epithelial cells include what two issues bc one-way street is compromised??

A

Hypersecretion and malabsorption

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5
Q

Enterocyte secretion can be active or passive. T/F

A

Truee

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6
Q

**What is the overall net result of altered secretion from diarrhea/enteritis? What is the outcome?

A

Cl-, Na+, K+, HCO3- and water secretion into the enterocyte (from blood to cell) and out of enterocyte (from cell to GI lumen and interstitium) moving elytes and fluid into the lumen; the whole outcome is veryyyy watery and voluminous diarrhea/enteritis!!!!

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7
Q

what open chloride channels?

A

PKA activation (protein kinase A which is activated by cAMP and Ca+)

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8
Q

**Why is diarrhea so watery?

A

fluid moves into the lumen and decreased sodium and water uptake with chloride secretion!!!

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9
Q

Pathophysiology of altered secretion**

A

leakage via mediator injury to vasculature and interstitium

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10
Q

**clin path data with diarrhea:

A

hypovolemia, hypochloremia, hyponatremia, hypokalemia, metabolic acidosis

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11
Q

**Lab findings with diarrhea/enteritis:

A

Leukopenia to leukocytosis, neutropenia to neutrophilia, lymphopenia, left shift with toxic changes (IF DEGENERATIVE= BADDD SIGNNN!!!)!!

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12
Q

**Very low numbers of ____ correlate with greater disease severity

A

leukocytes

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13
Q

**What is the HALLMARK of impending colitis???

A

LEUKOPENIA.. because marginalization of WBC from endotoxins

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14
Q

*What is the pathophysiology of diarrhea in adults vs. horses less than one year old??

A 
Adult parasites (**Cyanthostomes**), strongylus vulgaris, toxins
young horses less than 2-3 years get parascis equi, rotavirus, coronavirus
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15
Q

what is the most common cause of acute or chronic diarrhea???

A

Cyanthostomes- most common cause of acute or chronic diarrhea

  1. Small strongyles that parasitize the colon
  2. Diagnose via historical lack of anthelmintics that kill the encysted forms, risk factors for high cyathostomes burdens
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16
Q

How can we diagnose Cyanthostomes

A

historical lack of anthelmintics that kill the encysted forms, risk factors for high cyathostomes burdens

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17
Q

adult horses can be inapparent carriers of what disease that can kill foals and kids!!

A

Salmonella

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18
Q

Salmonella is more common in the summer. It invades __ cells of the ____ and ___ and then goes to attack enterocytes

A

M cells; cecum and colon

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19
Q

Is it common for salmonella to spread and cause septicemia?? what about in foals??

A

Not common in adults, common in foals (will spread to mesenteric LN, spleen, blood IN FOALLSSS)

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20
Q

Potomac Horse Fever-

A

Not common in MS, horse ingests IH and Neorickettsia risticii is the bacterial pathogen

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21
Q

What are 3 ways in which a horse can become infected with Potomac horse fever??

A

ingestion of infected eggs from trematodes
Ingestion of aquatic insect parasitized by cercaria
Metocercaria (developmental stage of the cercaria from the snail), cercaria will not survive in stomach pH

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22
Q

Anorexia, fever, diarrhea, colic signs, laminitis= what disease
when is it most common?? What ages are at risk??

A

Potomac horse fever CS; common in summer and early fall; all ages affected (weaning, yearling, adult) BUT RARE INFOALSSSSS because they are nursing not eating potential parasites from the ground

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23
Q

Does the vaccine for Potomac horse fever guarantee prevention?

A

no, there are like 14 strains and it only covers 1 strain

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24
Q

**_______ and ________ are signs of impending diarrhea!!!!!!!.

A

Leukopenia and neutropenia

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25
Q

what is a clostridial disease mostly in foals that causes HEMORRHAGIC diarrhea

A

C. perfringes

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26
Q

**What are the abx route used to target C. diff?

A

abx associated with C. diff usually need to be oralllll because it goes directly into GI tract***

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27
Q

**What esp. causes C. diff????

A

Macrolides/ Fluoroquinolones/ Baytril

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28
Q

Necrotizing enteritis moreso in cecum/colon in adults and intestines in foals=

A

C. diff

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29
Q

Equine coronavirus is more common in foals or adults?

A

foals

30
Q

what condition is usually in rescue horses with fecal to oral transmission, diarrhea spreads and dissimates and will have CS that manifest viral disease with vili intact

A

Equine coronavirus

31
Q

Equine coronavirus is highly contagious but not detrimental, has 2-3 week quarantine with recovery back to n. T/F

A

True!!

32
Q

abx associated diarrhea is usually within __ days of abx use

A

7 days

33
Q

Right dorsal colitis- what is the most common area and how do we tx it?

A

right dorsal colon becomes displaced (usually); usually caused from NSAIDs, can occur anywhere in the colon; tx with discontinue NSAIDs, give prostaglandins (Misoprostol)…Can prophylactically use them on horse with long term NSAIDs (fracture repair) or in post op colic horses

34
Q

Cantharidin toxicosis-

A

blister beetle, most common signs are colic and poilakuria, swarm in late summer and fall and are baled in alfalfa hay. AS few as 4 beetles are fatal

35
Q

carbs (CHO) overload decreases intestinal pH and causes….

A

diarrhea, colitis, endotoxemia, acidosis, LAMINITIS

36
Q

What virus is most common in the winter (but can be in the summer), and is fecal oral route with high morbidity and low mortality?

A

Equine coronavirus

37
Q

____ ___is a parasite often seen in imported horses, usually resides in the jejunum and narrowing of the ileum in young animals (less than three years old).

A

Parascaris equorum aka horse roundworm.

38
Q

____ occurs with foals on milk that can make them lactose intolerant, feal to oral route and supppperrr contagious

A

rotavirus

39
Q

Vaccinate mares at 8,9 and 10 months of preg to help combat ___

A

rotavirus

40
Q

Tx rotavirus with

A

lactose (can shed up to 10 days even without any CS, asymp. carriers can shed up to 8 months following infection but that is not common)

41
Q

Lawsonia intracellularis-

A

Obligate intracellular bacteria, proliferative enteropathy of many species, fecal to oral route
2-3 week incubation
causes herd outbreaks in young horses, looks like they have parasites but they don’t– causes hypoproteinemia

42
Q

Rhodococcus equi Tx

A

Macrolides or Rifampin

43
Q

What virus causes increased WBC i foal with diarrhea and lungs being abnormal

A

Rhodococcus equi

44
Q

what virus will result in “Penny in a well” water sounds of lungs, diarrhea, electrolyte imbalances, SI and colon inflammation

A

Rhodococcus equi

45
Q

Diagnostic plan for weanling diarrhea:

A

fecal gram stain–> predominance of gram positive rods–> Clostridium
can also do a fecal culture

46
Q

Differentials for diarrhea in nursing foals:

A

i. Foal heat (mom’s milk has different amounts of fat content and electrolytes), necrotizing enterocolitis (very sick foal with ischemia/sepsis!), C. perfringes, C. diff, Salmonella, Actinobacillosis, rotavirus cause lactase deficiency, crypto if housed near dairy calves, sand impaction
ii. Salmonella causes septicemia in FOALS but NOT ADULTS
iii. Actinobacillosis is a common cause of diarrhea and septicemia in foals with FPT

47
Q

How to r/o all of the different diagnosis of foal with diarrhea?

A

**blood culture

48
Q

Passive enteric secretion occurs:

A
  • *leakage via mediator injury to vasculature & interstitium
  • *Interstitial edema destroys barrier to fluids & macromolecules
49
Q

SIRS clinically manifest as more than two of the following conditions:

A
  • Abn TPR
  • Abn leukogram
  • tachycardia
  • MM toxic line
50
Q

Chem panel with diarrhea will show-

A

decreased sodium, K+, Cl-, Ca+

Acidosis (hypovolemia and sodium loss)

51
Q

What type of clostridial condition is the primary pathogen in horses?

A

C. perfringens Type C

52
Q

C. diff causes ____ and _____ of SI in foals but LI in adults

A

edema, hemorrhage

53
Q

Cantharidin toxicosis (Blister beetle) causes what elyte abnormalities??

A

Hypocalcemia, hypomagnesium

54
Q

Predominance of gram + rods=

A

clostridium

55
Q

When do we use NaHCO3- in foals with diarrhea?

A

IF acidosis persists after rehydration (RARELYYYY needed)!!

56
Q

N. risticii (Potomac Horse Fever pathogen) infects trematodes (Flukes), what are the DH for tremadtodes? what is the primary IH?

A

Bats, birds, and amphibians; primary IH is fresh water snail

57
Q

How do we diagnose Potomac Horse Fever?

A

Fecal PCR

58
Q

lights near water are a risk for ?

A

Potomac Horse Fever

59
Q

Only test for ? in horses with CS

A

C. perfringens

60
Q

Diagnosis of C. diff

A

Fecal PCR to find out if its A and B toxin– presence of either toxin is significant!!

61
Q

how long do CS usually last with equine coronavirus?

A

1-4 days

62
Q

What pathogen very rarely affects adults?

A

Lawsonia intracellularis

63
Q

Can have ____ from right dorsal colitis

A

Hyporoteinemia (where the proteins leak into the lumen)

64
Q

Usually use 5 consecutive fecal cultures for ____

A

Salmonella

65
Q

What pathogen can be tested for using urine but requires liters of urine?

A

Cantharidin toxicity

66
Q

____ is the most common cause of diarrhea in foals less than 6 months old

A

rotavirus

67
Q

Name this disease
CS: subq/edema causing hypoproteinemia, depression and poor haircoat, progression may be death in days or chronic poor doer, crypt hyperplasia leads to ileal and jejunal thickening

A

Lawsonia intracellularis

68
Q

Rhodococcus causes pneumonia but if foal has diarrhea, likely does not have pneumonia, but can T/F

A

True!!

69
Q

correct dehydration with alkalizing crystalloids that address __ and ___ depletion plus supplementing what to elytes?

A

Na and Cl; Mg and Ca

70
Q

tx potomac horse fever with ?

A

Oxytetracycline

71
Q

Tx lawsonia with what drugs?

A

Erythromycin +/- rifampin (young horses)

Tetracycline and chloramphenicol with metro (in adults) and doxycycline

Equine 2 exam 2 (11 decks)

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