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Microbiology > Diagonosis > Flashcards

Diagonosis Flashcards

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1
Q

What are symptoms?

A

Complete patient history

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2
Q

What are signs

A

Physical examination

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3
Q

High-quality specimen
3 components

A

Selection
Collection
Transport

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4
Q

What does selection indicate?

A

Location

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5
Q

4 aspects of collection?

A

Instructions to patient
Sufficient quantity
No antimicrobial beforehand
Proper labeling

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6
Q

3 Aspects of Transportation?

A

Completed request form
ASAP moved
Stored properly

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7
Q

What 3 things happens to the pathogen in a poor-quality specimen?

A

Destroyed
Masked
Contaminated

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8
Q

5 rejection criteria

A

Unlabeled & Mislabeled
Leak
QNS
Sent in Formalin (CML)

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9
Q

What should the specimen be put in if it’s sent to CML?

A

Saline

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10
Q

What does CCMS

A

Clean-catch mid-stream

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11
Q

When is a catheter used in urine collection?

A

Bedridden/Paralysis/ICU
(In situ)
&
Neurological bladder (intermittent)

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12
Q

Who is a urine bag used for?

A

Babies

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13
Q

What does SPA stand for

A

Suprapubic needle aspiration

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14
Q

What is the golden standard in urine collection?

A

SPA

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15
Q

When do we process urine sample?

A

Within 30 minutes

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16
Q

How long is a refrigerated urine sample valid for?

A

24h

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17
Q

The 2 sizes of calibrated loops

A

0.01 & 0.001 ml

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18
Q

What cultures can we use for urine?

A

Blood agar or MacConkey

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19
Q

What do we use CFU for?

A

Check urine for UTI

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20
Q

Equation of CFU

A

of bacterial colonies /ml

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21
Q

CFU of UTI in CCMS?

A

> 100,000

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22
Q

CFU of UTI in Catheter?

A

> 1000

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23
Q

CFU of UTI in SPA?

A

If any colonies appear = UTI

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24
Q

4 Criteria to determine clinical significance of a urine sample

A

Patient
Specimen type
Pyuria
Growth

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25
Q

Which 3 patients get the most UTI

A

Female & Elderly & Children

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26
Q

3 reasons for symptomatic sterile pyuria

A

Metallic wire loop got too hot
Patient took antibiotic
Atypical / fastidious MOs

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27
Q

What MOs cause Sterile pyuria?

A

……

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28
Q

5 causes of non symptomatic sterile pyuria ?

A

Pregnancy
Stones
DM
Interstitial nephritis
Vaginal discharge

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29
Q

Which is more indecative for a UTI? Bacteriuria or Pyuria?

A

Pyuria

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30
Q

What does Leukocyte esterase test indicate?

A

Pyuria

31
Q

Which WBCs produce Leukocyte esterase enzyme?

A

Granulocyte WBCs & Monocytes

32
Q

What does Nitrate test indicate?

A

Bacteriuria

33
Q

Which MOs can nitrituria detect?

A

G- that (NO3 —> NO2)

34
Q

Which 5 MOs have a negative nitrite test?

A

Staph saprophyticus
Enterococcus
P. Aeruginosa
Acinetobacter
Adenovirus

35
Q

List 5 clinical pathology labs

A

Chemistry
Hematology
Microbiology
Immunology
Blood bank

36
Q

The 4 major CML responsibilities

A

Processing clinical specimen
Isolation of potential pathogens
Identification of isolated ^^
AST

37
Q

Which 2 sections of CML are only found in large hospitals?

A

Mycobacteriology
Virology

38
Q

Which section of CML in small hospitals is dependent in large hospitals?

A

Immunology

39
Q

What is the most common specimen sent to labs?

A

Urine

40
Q

3 Indications of blood

A

Bacteremia
Septicemia
IV line infection with fever

41
Q

Blood bacteremia 10 diseases

A

Pneumonia
UTI
Brucellosis
Tularemia
Anthrax
Plague
Meningitis
Endocarditis
Salmonella
Typhoid fever

42
Q

What causes septicemia ?

A

G- bacteria and their toxins

43
Q

What causes temporary bacteremia ?

A

Oral surgery (;Tooth extraction)
Aggressive brushing

44
Q

How long is blood incubated before ruling out Endocarditis & fungi?

A

3 weeks

45
Q

How long is blood incubated before ruling out Brucella?

A

6-8 weeks

46
Q

3 causes of blood sample contamination

A

Pseudobacteremia (neonates)
Ward-based (Collection & flora)
Lab-based

47
Q

3 Bacteria; G+ cocci that don’t grow in subculture

A

Anaerobic staph
Aerobic strep
Pyridoxine-dependent strep

48
Q

Which G- cocci show no growth in subculture ?

A

Anaerobic Veillonella

49
Q

Which G+ cocci show G- cocci in subculture ?

A

Acinetobacter

50
Q

Which G+ bacilli show no growth in subculture ?

A

Anaerobic propionibacterium

51
Q

6 G- bacilli that show no growth in subculture ?

A

(H)ameophilus
(A)ctinobacillus
(C)ardiobacterium hominis
(E)ikenella corrodens
(K)ingella

52
Q

What 2.5 diseases is a CSF sample used for?

A

Meningitis
Encephalitis
Meningoencephalitis
[Life threat]

53
Q

How is CSF sample collected?

A

Lumber puncture

54
Q

Which sample require STAT processing?

A

CSF

55
Q

Trauma vs Hemorrhage
1 difference

A

Trauma can have clotting

56
Q

2 methods of blood sample processing

A

Microscopy & Centrifugation

57
Q

What does blood centrifugation supernatant indicate?

A

MO capsule

58
Q

In hematology what does increased Neutrophils & Lymphocytes indicate

A

Neutrophils = bacteria
Lymphocytes = Virus

59
Q

How can the chemistry lab help in diagnosing bacterial infection in CSF sample?

A

Low Glucose + High protein

60
Q

How many hours do we incubate CSF to before declaring the result negative?

A

48 hours

61
Q

What are the major bacterial pathogens causing meningitis?

A

H. Influenza
Pneumococcus
Meningococcus

62
Q

What are the 4 neonatal meningitis bacterial pathogens?

A

GNS
Enterococci
Listeria meningitis
E.Coli

63
Q

What bacterias cause meningitis in VP shunt

A

Pseudomonas
S. Epidermis
S. Aureus
G- bacilli
Acinetobacter

64
Q

Most common meningitis causing fungus?

A

Cryptococcus neoformans

65
Q

Swab is not recommended in wounds and is rejected for these 2 pathogens:

A

MTB & fungi

66
Q

What pathogen stems from a dog bite wound?

A

Pastuerella multocida

67
Q

Which collection method should be avoided in Neisseria gonorrhoeae

A

Cotton swab

68
Q

What bacteria do we use a throat swab for? & what antibiotic do we use for it?
(What is the gram stain & hemolysis type?)

A

Group A streptococcal
(S. Pyogenes) (G+) (B-hemolytic)
Sensitive to Bacitracin

69
Q

What Pathogens do we use sputum specimen for in; ICU ?

A

MRSA

70
Q

What Pathogens do we use sputum specimen for in; Pediatrics ?

A

Nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPA)

71
Q

What Pathogens do we use sputum specimen for in; Lung needle biopsy ?

A

Fungus pneumonia in AIDS

72
Q

When do we use anaerobic culture for stool sample?

A

C. Difficile & C. Perfringes

73
Q

Pathogens found in stool sample

A

H)elminths
E).Coli
V)ibrio cholera
Y)ersinia
C)ampylobacter
S)almonella
S)higella

Microbiology (16 decks)

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