Antibacterial Flashcards
What mold is penicillin derived from?
Penicillium notatum
2 examples of semisynthetic antibacterials
Cephalosporins
Carbapenems
3 examples of Synthetic antibacterials
Trimethoprim
Linezolid
Quinolones
State 3 diseases that require bacteri[cidal] drugs
Infective endocarditis
Meningitis
Osteomyelitis
What does MLC stand for ?
Minimum lethal concentration
What does MIC stand for?
Minimum Inhibitory concentration
What is empirical therapy?
Treating the infection before culture results based on experience
3 side effects of antibiotic misuse
Steven Johnson syndrome
Nephrotoxicity
Clostridium difficile infection
What enzymes do cell wall synthesis inhibitors work on ?
Transpeptidase Carboxypeptidase
What are the types of cell wall inhibitors
Vancomycin
Bacitracin
B-lactams
4 examples of B-lactams
Penicillin
Carbapenem
Cephalosporins
Monobactam
5 Protein synthesis inhibitors
Tetracyclines
Aminoglycosides (bacteriocidal)
Chloramphenicol
Macrolides
Clindamycin
3 folate synthesis inhibitors
Sulfonamide
Trimethoprim
((Co-trimoxazole))
2 nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors
Rifampicin
Quinolones
3 types of Quinolones
Nalodixic acid
Ciprofloxacin
Oxolinic acid
How do genetics affect antimicrobial resistance?
Chromosomal mutation
Genetic transfer
What mechanism did streptococcus pneumonia use to become resistant to penicillin ?
Modification of target (Sequence mutation)
What are the 3 mechanism of modifications of target
Target bypass
Target hyper-production
Sequence mutation
What mechanism does MRSA use?
Modification of target (target bypass)
What antibiotics are normal B-lactamases resistant to?
Penicillin & Cephalosporins
What antibiotics are extended spectrum B-lactamases resistant to?
Penicillin
Cephalosporin
Monobactams
What does the combo: Penicillin + Clavulanic acid called
Co-amxoiclav / Augmentin
Which bacteria have ESBL?
Enteric bacteria
4 examples of B-lactamase inhibitors
Clavulanic acid
Tazo-, Sul-, Avi- Bactam
Which Microbes are Carbapenemase resistant?
Enteric G-
What Antibiotics are Acetylating, Adenylating & Phosphorylating enzymes (produced by G-) bacteria resistant to?
Aminoglycosides
Chloramphenicol
Which MOs have a strain resistant to Vancomycin?
Enterococci & S. Aureus
How does MTB resist Isoniazid?
Mutation in catalase peroxidase gene
Which antibiotic is resisted by increasing efflux?
Sulfonamides (transport system)
Which antibiotic is resisted by decreasing permeability ?
Aminoglycosides
Which gene codes for PBP
MecA
How does MRSA resist Methicillin?
By switching PBP for PBP2A
What does AST stand for?
Antibiotic sensitivity test
What are the 2 Antibiotic sensitivity tests?
Tube dilution & disk diffusion
What is Kirby bauer test?
Another name for disk diffusion
Who invented penicillin?
Alex fleming
What is antimicrobial stewardship ?
Coordinated antimicrobial appropriate use program
(not important)
Give 2 types of Carbapenems
Meropenem & Imipenem
What is an example of a monobactam?
Aztreonam
