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Small Animal Midterms > Diagnostics Final > Flashcards

Diagnostics Final Flashcards

1
Q

What are our detection goals for viruses?

A

-Prevent introduction
-Target care (treatment of secondary infections)
-Limit spread (to both animals and humans)

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2
Q

How can we detect viruses?

A

-Host antibodies or antigen
Antigen -> viral proteins, nucleic acid, live virus

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3
Q

What are tests we use to detect anibodies?

A

ELISAS, lateral flow assays, agar gel immunodiffusion, other agglutination assays

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4
Q

How do antibody detecting tests work?

A

-test contains the antigen
-patient antibodies react with test antigen
-reaction is visualized
-some tetss for iGM, others IgG
-lag time from infection

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5
Q

Direct Elisa?

A

The primary antibody conjugate has the antigen and enzyme

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6
Q

Indirect ELISA?

A

Has a secondary antibody conjugate

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7
Q

Competitive ELISA?

A

There is an inhibitor antigen

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8
Q

Describe a lateral flow assay?

A

-labeled antigen
-binds patient antibodies
-easy and cheap
Example :FIV

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9
Q

Agar gel immunodiffusion test

A

-equine infectious anemia (coggins test)
avian influenza

-postive will have a band of precipiate

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10
Q

Hemoagglutination inhibiton test

A

Figure on slide 12

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11
Q

Detection of viral proteins
Lateral flow assay

A

labeled antibodies
-bind antigen
easy and cheap
Example : parvo

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12
Q

Viral proteins
ELISA

A

-capture or sandwhich assay

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13
Q

Viral proteins
fluorescent antibody testing

A

-direct method
-fluroescent labeled antibodies (bind target antigens)
-rabies testing

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14
Q

Viral proteins
Immunohistochemistry

A

-fixed tissue is treated to expose antigen
-sections exposed to antibody
-example: FIP, Mareks disease

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15
Q

What are the pros and cons of ELISAs and lateral flow assays?

A

Pros -> quick, less expensive, readily avaiable, ELISAS have titers
Cons ->less specific, risk of false positives, not as likely to be accepted for regulatory purposes, cross reactivity

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16
Q

Pros and cons of AGID and IH

A

Pros -> specific, gold standard for some tests, often accepted for import/export
Cons -> harder to find, longer incubation, labor intensive, often more expensive

17
Q

Pros and cons of FA and IHCs

A

Pros ->usually quite specific
FAs: fast, visualize pathogen location
IHC: option for fixed tissue
visualize pathogen location

Cons -> rarely an antemortem test, can be expensive, may be species specific, limited assays

18
Q

Why would we pick antigen vs antibody test?

A

-antigen -> detecting current infection , detects in immunotolerant animals

Antibody ->detecting previous/chronic infection
Detects vaccination that elicits IgG

19
Q

PCR

A

-real time PCR quantifies viral load
DNA virsues
-reverse transcriptase PCR for RNA viruses

20
Q

Sequencing

A

Sequencing -> whole genome, metagenomic
-In development/limited use

21
Q

What are some examples of sequencing?

A

-sequencing mutated FMD
-testing samples for canine respiratory outbreak
-tracking vaccines related ILT outbreak

22
Q

What are the pros and cons for PCR?

A

Pros -> fast, sensitive, reliable
Cons ->no distinction live vs inactive
may miss if virus mutated
contamination can be an issue
need to know what you are looking for

23
Q

What are pros and cons of sequencing?

A

Pros -> large amount of data
ID unknown pathogens
track mutations

Cons ->expensive, lots of analyaiss, best on pure sample

24
Q

How do we detect viruses?

A

viral isolation, electron microspy, histopathology,

25
Q

Describe viral isolation

A

Goal : grow virus from diagnostic sample then identify
usually tissue samples, body swabs as well
Gold standard -:only test to prove viable virus is present

26
Q

What cell lines can be used for viral isolation?

A

embryonic or adult
kidney
liver
others

27
Q

How do we identify that we isolated a virus?

A

cyotopathic effects
electron microsopy

PCR
sequencing
aggluination

28
Q

What are some examples of why we try to isolate viruses?

A

Detect low viral load: BVD in milk, IBR in semen
(grow enough virus to detect)
-unknown pathogens

29
Q

What is Electron Microscopy?

A

transmission electron microscope
stained with heavy metal salts
visualize surface structures
used on diseases samples or purified virus
can search blindly
can detect primary, secdonary antigens

30
Q

Histopathology?

A

Visualize viral inclusions inside cells
standard H and E stain
usually pathopnomonic
usually present at a certain stage of infection

31
Q

What are the pros and cons of virus isolation?

A

Pros -> detecting live virus
detect and identify unknown virus
Sensitive
amplify and collect live virus

Cons -> Diffcult, long wait time, expensive, sensitive to contamination

32
Q

What are pros and cons of electron microscopy?

A

Pros -> visualize pathogen
will work even if mutated
false positives are rare

Cons -> expsensive, less common, longer turnaround time

33
Q

Pros and cons of histopathology?

A

Pros -> false positives are unlikely
inclusions are often distinct and pathopneumonic
-Virus is inactivated

Cons ->Absences does not equal negative
Longer turn around time

34
Q

What swabs are safe to use?

A

Polyester, dacron, nylon, ryon,
Flocked = catch more virus

35
Q

What swabs should we aboid?

A

wooden handles
Calcium alginate ->inactivate virus and interfere with PCR

36
Q

Does a FCoV neagative ELISA mean this cat doesnt have FIP

A

No, in late stage FIP antibodies drop and may not be detected

37
Q

What are more defintiive options than PCR on biopsy tissues?

A

Histopathology and immunohistochemistry

38
Q

How do we ship samples for virus isolation?

A

ship whole fish overnight on icepacks
ship overnight on dry ice

Formalin inactivates virus

39
Q
A

Small Animal Midterms (10 decks)

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