Diagnostic Imaging + Radiography Flashcards
1
Q
Who won the Nobel Prize in 1901 to in the Field of Physics for discovering X-rays?
A
Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen
2
Q
In relation to the founder…
Why are x-rays called X-rays?
A
- Because the word ‘x’ is used to describe rays which were able to pass through solid objects
- It’s labelled ‘x’ = unknown nature
3
Q
Who detected radiation being emitted from radioactive materials by accident?
A
Henri Becquerel
4
Q
How did Henri Becquerel discover radioactive material?
A
He noticed photographic plates that were kept in a drawer, that became foggy
5
Q
What did Marie Curie discover?
A
That Radium + Polonium are radioactive
6
Q
Who, alongside Marie Curie, was awarded a Nobel Prize. in the field of Physics + when?
A
Henri Becquerel, in 1903
7
Q
When did Marie Curie win her 2nd Nobel Prize?
A
In 1911
8
Q
In 1911, what scientific field was Marie Curie awarded her 2nd Nobel Prize?
A
Chemistry
9
Q
Who was the first woman who was awarded a Nobel Prize?
A
Marie Curie
10
Q
What, esssentially, did Marie Curie discover, when she took over from Henri Becquerel?
A
- Discovered Uranium cast off rays were weaker than the x-rays founded by Roentgen
- Uranium remained constant, no matter the form. of condition of Uranium
11
Q
Why are laboratory tests considered invaluable aids?
A
- Because they assess the severity of the condition
+ - It’s response to treament, from the patient
12
Q
What main 4 factors must you be aware of in Diagnostic Imaging?
A
- Legislation
- Health + Saftey (Inc PPE)
- Equipment + processes involved with DI
- Principles, techniques + application to produce DI
13
Q
What 6 main legislations (or rules+ regulation) must the RVN be aware of, when working with DI?
A
- Ionising Radiation Regulations of 2017
- Code of Practice of 1985
- Code of Proffesional Conduct of 2012
- Schedule 3 of the VSA 1966
- Guidance notes for the Protection of Persons Against Ionising Radiations Arising to Veterinary Use 1988
- Local radiation rules + regulations
14
Q
Define what is meant by the term ‘Diagnostic Imaging’
A
- The use of technologies + techniques used to produce images of the body
- For the purpose of an accurate diagnosis of illness + Injury
15
Q
Name 6 applications of Diagnostic Imaging
A
- Radiography
- Ultrasonography
- Endoscopy
- Computed Tomography (CT)
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
- Nuclear Medicine
16
Q
True or False
DI is well established in the VP, to aid VS diagnoses
A
True
17
Q
True or False
Radiography is commonly used alongside other DI methods for VS diagnosis
A
True
18
Q
True or False.
Colbat is radioactive for many years.
A
True
19
Q
True or False.
Iodine is mostly used in Cats + can be radioactive for 21 years.
A
True!
20
Q
True or False.
Nuclear Scintigraphy has short + long half-lifes
A
True!
21
Q
What is radiation?
A
Energy that moves from one place to another in a form, called Waves or Particles
22
Q
We are exposed to radiation in our everyday life.
Name 3 everyday sources of radiation.
A
- The Sun
- Microwave
- Radio
23
Q
What 2 things is beta rays stopped by?
A
- Oil
- Aluminium
24
Q
What 2 things is gamma rays stopped by?
A
- Lead
- Concrete
25
Name a substance that stops alpha rays
Paper!
26
Name a substance that is stopped by water
Neutrons!
27
# (Start with what is stopped by more)
List these in order of **least** penertrability
* Neutrons
* X-rays
* Alpha
* Gamma
* Neutrinos
* Beta
1. Alpha
2. Beta
3. Gamma
4. X-rays
5. Neutrons
6. Neutrinos
28
True or False.
**Beta** rays have the most penetrating power of common. types of radiation.
But **x-rays** have the most penertrating power of all.
False.
**Gamma** rays have the most penetrating power of common. types of radiation.
But **Neutrinos** have the most penertrating power of all.
29
Name the main 3 types of radiation
1. Alpha
2. Beta
3. Gamma
30
What are radioactive materials made up of?
Unstable atoms, which convert into more stable forms
31
Name the process in which unstable atoms convert into stable atoms
Radioactive decay
32
What type of radiation does Nuclear Scintigraphy use?
Gamma rays
33
Name the substance that can penetrate paper
Alpha
34
Name the substance that can penetrate Aluminium
Beta
35
Name the substance that can penetrate lead
Gamma
36
Name the substance that can penetrate concrete
Neutrons
37
What additional properties, besides radiation, is used to produce a radiographic image?
1. **Penetrating power** (Due to high energy)
2. **Effect of photographic film** (Produces a latent/hidden image by processing)
3. **Energy storage** (Digital X-ray)
38
State the 3 principles of radiation saftey
1. Justification
2. Dose limitation
3. Optimization of Protection
39
Explain the **Justification** principle of radiation saftey
* Any practice or activity that involves radiation must be justified by a clear benefit - that outweighs the risks
* The effects of using it must be greater than the potential harm it could cause
40
Explain the **Dose limitation** principle of radiation saftey
* The dose of radiation by individuals should be kept as low as resonably achievable (ALARA)
* This principle involves taking steps to minimize exposure to radiation, such as:
* Sheilding
* Limiting exposure time
* Maintaining distande from radiation source
41
What does ALARA stand for?
As Low As Reasonbly Achievable
42
Explain the **Optimization of Protection** principle of radiation saftey
* All practices involving radiation should be optimized to ensure that the risks are minimized.
* This includes using:
* Appropriate equipment
* Training personnel
* Following established procedures
43
Name the 4 properties of x-rays than make them hazardous
1. Invisible
2. Painless
3. Latent effects
4. Cumulative
44
Identify the 3 types of biological damage that can be caused by radiation
1. Somatic damage
2. Carcinogenic damage
3. Genetic damage
45
What is Somatic damage?
Direct changes in the body tissues
46
What is Carcinogenic damage?
Induction of cancer in the tissues
## Footnote
(Can be genetically predisposed to how much cancer you take absorb)
47
What is Genetic damage?
Effects on the reproductive organs + tract
48
What 2 catagories can adverse effects be divided into?
1. Stochastic
2. Non-Stochastic or Deterministic
49
What is an **Stochastic** adverse effect of radiation?
Occurs by chance, relating to any dose rate
| High dose rate = High chance of being affected
50
What is an **Non-Stochastic** or **Deterministic** adverse effect of radiation?
Dose specific threshold, with a potential to lead to radiation burns!
| Radiation Therapy would be more likely to occur due to High Dose Rates
51
Define what is meant by **Somatic** effects of radiation exposure.
Then, list 6 examples of this
* Direct changes in the body tissues that occur soon after an exposure
1. Skin reddening
2. Skin cracks
3. Blood disorders (anaemia)
4. Baldness (chemo)
5. Digestive upset (caused by dehydration)
6. Cataracts
52
Name a blood disorder that is caused by Somatic effects
Anaemia
53
What is a Carcinogenic effect?
Induction of cancer in the tissuse that have been exposed to radiation
| I.e; Melanomas
54
How many years can it take for Leukaemia to occur, caused by radiation?
20-30 years
| Hard to prove!
55
Out of interest...
Why is there a high incidence of melanomas in Austrailia?
Because Austrailia has a very thin or little ozone layer, therefore the sun is a greater source of radiation, causing melanomas!
56
What 3 things can carcinogenic effects cause?
1. Leukaemia
2. Skin cancer
3. Tumours
57
What has the carcinogenic effects of radiation caused to this person?
Melanoma
58
What is meant by the genetic effects of radiation?
+
What 2 genetic effects can radiation have?
* When the gonads are exposed to radiation (ovaries, testicles etc)
1. Mutation of chromosomes of germ cells
2. Inherited abnormalities with offspring
59
Identify the 3 potential hazardous sources of radiation when taking x-rays
1. Tube head
2. Primary beam
3. Secondary/scattered radiation
60
What happens in the tube head?
X-rays are produced
61
True or False.
Scattered/Secondary radiation doesn't hit the x-ray plate
True - as it scatters!
62
What does kV stand for?
Kilovolts
63
What does mA stand for?
Milliameters
64
What are the 3 types of x-ray machines?
| In terms of mobility..
1. Portable
2. Mobile
3. Fixed
65
What is the mA out put of a **Portable** x-ray machine?
60 mA
66
What is the mA out put of a **Mobile** x-ray machine?
100 - 500 mA
67
What is the mA out put of a **Fixed** x-ray machine?
1250 mA
68
Where is a Portable x-ray machine most commonly used?
Equine
## Footnote
Easy to move from site to site
69
True or False.
Portable x-ray machines are battery operated.
True
70
What is the difference between Portable + Mobile x-ray machines?
* Portable are transported in a carry case
* Mobile are larger, more powerful and are moved on wheels
71
Are Portable, Mobile + Fixed x-ray machines more commonly found in a Small Animal Practice?
Mobile
72
Which is more powerful, Portable, Mixed or Fixed x-ray machines?
Fixed - as they are built into the x-ray room, wall + floor
## Footnote
Expensive
Linked to floating table
73
True or False.
The table is the x-ray plate in Fixed x-ray machines
True
74
List the 6 controls of the x-ray machine Control Panel
1. On/off switch
2. kV control
3. mA control
4. Timer
5. Exposure button
6. Activator (moving grid)
75
What is this?
The x-ray Control Panel
76
What happens if you press the exposure button 1/2 on the x-ray machine Control Panel?
It builds up power
77
What happens if you fully hold down the exposure button on the x-ray machine Control Panel?
It creates an exposure/takes the x-ray
78
Theoretically, why do you need to less x-ray power when taking x-rays of Cats, compared to Great Danes?
Because they have less adipose/fatty tissue
79
Identify component **A** of the x-ray tube head
Lead lining
80
Identify component **B** of the x-ray tube head
Glass evelope
81
Identify component **C** of the x-ray tube head
Focusing cup
(Made of Molybdenum)
82
Identify component **D** of the x-ray tube head
Vaccum
83
Identify component **E** of the x-ray tube head
Cooling fins
84
Identify component **F** of the x-ray tube head
Copper stem
(Made of Tungsten)
85
Identify component **G** of the x-ray tube head
Target
86
Identify component **H** of the x-ray tube head
Filament
87
Identify component **I** of the x-ray tube head
Insulating oil
88
Identify component **J** of the x-ray tube head
X-rays
(Primary Beam)
89
Identify component **K** of the x-ray tube head
Earthed Metal Sheild
90
Identify component **L** of the x-ray tube head
Filter
91
