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Diagnostic Techniques Yr2 > Diagnostic Imaging + Radiography > Flashcards

Diagnostic Imaging + Radiography Flashcards

1
Q

Who won the Nobel Prize in 1901 to in the Field of Physics for discovering X-rays?

A

Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen

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2
Q

In relation to the fonuder…

Why are x-rays called X-rays?

A
  • Because the word ‘x’ is used to describe rays which were able to pass through solid objects
  • It’s labelled ‘x’ = unknown nature
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3
Q

Who detected radiation being emitted from radioactive materials by accident?

A

Henri Becquerel

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4
Q

How did Henri Becquerel discover radioactive material?

A

He noticed photographic plates that were kept in a drawer, that became foggy

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5
Q

What did Marie Curie discover?

A

That Radium + Polonium are radioactive

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6
Q

Who, alongside Marie Curtie, was awarded a Nobel Prize. in the field of Physics + when?

A

Henri Becquerel, in 1903

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7
Q

When did Marie Curie win her 2nd Nobel Prize?

A

In 1911

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8
Q

In 1911, what scientific field was Marie Curie awarded her 2nd Nobel Prize?

A

Chemistry

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9
Q

Who was the first woman who was awarded a Nobel Prize?

A

Marie Curie

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10
Q

What, esssentially, did Marie Curie discover, when she took over from Henri Becquerel?

A
  • Discovered Uranium cast off rays were weaker than the x-rays founded by Roentgen
  • Uranium remained constant, no matter the form. of condition of Uranium
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11
Q

Why are laboratory tests considered invaluable aids?

A
  • Because they assess the severity of the condition
    +
  • It’s response to treament, from the patient
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12
Q

What main 4 factors must you be aware of in Diagnostic Imaging?

A
  1. Legislation
  2. Health + Saftey (Inc PPE)
  3. Equipment + processes involved with DI
  4. Principles, techniques + application to produce DI
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13
Q

What 6 main legislations (or rules+ regulation) must the RVN be aware of, when working with DI?

A
  1. Ionising Radiation Regulations of 2017
  2. Code of Practice of 1985
  3. Code of Proffesional Conduct of 2012
  4. Schedule 3 of the VSA 1966
  5. Guidance notes for the Protection of Persons Against Ionising Radiations Arising to Veterinary Use 1988
  6. Local radiation rules + regulations
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14
Q

Define what is meant by the term ‘Diagnostic Imaging’

A
  • The use of technologies + techniques used to produce images of the body
  • For the purpose of an accurate diagnosis of illness + Injury
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15
Q

Name 6 applications of Diagnostic Imaging

A
  1. Radiography
  2. Ultrasonography
  3. Endoscopy
  4. Computed Tomography (CT)
  5. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
  6. Nuclear Medicine
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16
Q

True or False

DI is well established in the VP, to aid VS diagnoses

A

True

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17
Q

True or False

Radiography is commonly used alongside other DI methods for VS diagnosis

A

True

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18
Q

True or False.

Colbat is radioactive for many years.

A

True

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19
Q

True or False.

Iodine is mostly used in Cats + can be radioactive for 21 years.

A

True!

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20
Q

True or False.

Nuclear Scintigraphy has short + long half-lifes

A

True!

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21
Q

What is radiation?

A

Energy that moves from one place to another in a form, called Waves or Particles

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22
Q

We are exposed to radiation in our everyday life.

Name 3 everyday sources of radiation.

A
  1. The Sun
  2. Microwave
  3. Radio
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23
Q

What 2 things is beta rays stopped by?

A
  1. Oil
  2. Aluminium
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24
Q

What 2 things is gamma rays stopped by?

A
  1. Lead
  2. Concrete
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25
Q

Name a substance that stops alpha rays

A

Paper!

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26
Q

Name a substance that is stopped by water

A

Neutrons!

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27
Q

(Start with what is stopped by more)

List these in order of least penertrability

  • Neutrons
  • X-rays
  • Alpha
  • Gamma
  • Neutrinos
  • Beta
A
  1. Alpha
  2. Beta
  3. Gamma
  4. X-rays
  5. Neutrons
  6. Neutrinos
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28
Q

True or False.

Beta rays have the most penetrating power of common. types of radiation.
But x-rays have the most penertrating power of all.

A

False.

Gamma rays have the most penetrating power of common. types of radiation.
But Neutrinos have the most penertrating power of all.

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29
Q

Name the main 3 types of radiation

A
  1. Alpha
  2. Beta
  3. Gamma
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30
Q

What are radioactive materials made up of?

A

Unstable atoms, which convert into more stable forms

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31
Q

Name the process in which unstable atoms convert into stable atoms

A

Radioactive decay

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32
Q

What type of radiation does Nuclear Scintigraphy use?

A

Gamma rays

33
Q

Name the substance that can penetrate paper

A

Alpha

34
Q

Name the substance that can penetrate Aluminium

A

Beta

35
Q

Name the substance that can penetrate lead

A

Gamma

36
Q

Name the substance that can penetrate concrete

A

Neutrons

37
Q

What additional properties, besides radiation, is used to produce a radiographic image?

A
  1. Penetrating power (Due to high energy)
  2. Effect of photographic film (Produces a latent/hidden image by processing)
  3. Energy storage (Digital X-ray)
38
Q

State the 3 principles of radiation saftey

A
  1. Justification
  2. Dose limitation
  3. Optimization of Protection
39
Q

Explain the Justification principle of radiation saftey

A
  • Any practice or activity that involves radiation must be justified by a clear benefit - that outweighs the risks
  • The effects of using it must be greater than the potential harm it could cause
40
Q

Explain the Dose limitation principle of radiation saftey

A
  • The dose of radiation by individuals should be kept as low as resonably achievable (ALARA)
  • This principle involves taking steps to minimize exposure to radiation, such as:
  • Sheilding
  • Limiting exposure time
  • Maintaining distande from radiation source
41
Q

What does ALARA stand for?

A

As Low As Reasonbly Achievable

42
Q

Explain the Optimization of Protection principle of radiation saftey

A
  • All practices involving radiation should be optimized to ensure that the risks are minimized.
  • This includes using:
  • Appropriate equipment
  • Training personnel
  • Following established procedures
43
Q

Name the 4 properties of x-rays than make them hazardous

A
  1. Invisible
  2. Painless
  3. Latent effects
  4. Cumulative
44
Q

Identify the 3 types of biological damage that can be caused by radiation

A
  1. Somatic damage
  2. Carcinogenic damage
  3. Genetic damage
45
Q

What is Somatic damage?

A

Direct changes in the body tissues

46
Q

What is Carcinogenic damage?

A

Induction of cancer in the tissues

(Can be genetically predisposed to how much cancer you take absorb)

47
Q

What is Genetic damage?

A

Effects on the reproductive organs + tract

48
Q

What 2 catagories can adverse effects be divided into?

A
  1. Stochastic
  2. Non-Stochastic or Deterministic
49
Q

What is an Stochastic adverse effect of radiation?

A

Occurs by chance, relating to any dose rate

High dose rate = High chance of being affected

50
Q

What is an Non-Stochastic or Deterministic adverse effect of radiation?

A

Dose specific threshold, with a potential to lead to radiation burns!

Radiation Therapy would be more likely to occur due to High Dose Rates

51
Q

Define what is meant by Somatic effects of radiation exposure.

Then, list 6 examples of this

A
  • Direct changes in the body tissues that occur soon after an exposure
    1. Skin reddening
    2. Skin cracks
    3. Blood disorders (anaemia)
    4. Baldness (chemo)
    5. Digestive upset (caused by dehydration)
    6. Cataracts
52
Q

Name a blood disorder that is caused by Somatic effects

A

Anaemia

53
Q

What is a Carcinogenic effect?

A

Induction of cancer in the tissuse that have been exposed to radiation

I.e; Melanomas

54
Q

How many years can it take for Leukaemia to occur, caused by radiation?

A

20-30 years

Hard to prove!

55
Q

Out of interest…
Why is there a high incidence of melanomas in Austrailia?

A

Because Austrailia has a very thin or little ozone layer, therefore the sun is a greater source of radiation, causing melanomas!

56
Q

What 3 things can carcinogenic effects cause?

A
  1. Leukaemia
  2. Skin cancer
  3. Tumours
57
Q

What has the carcinogenic effects of radiation caused to this person?

A

Melanoma

58
Q

What is meant by the genetic effects of radiation?
+
What 2 genetic effects can radiation have?

A
  • When the gonads are exposed to radiation (ovaries, testicles etc)
    1. Mutation of chromosomes of germ cells
    2. Inherited abnormalities with offspring
59
Q

Identify the 3 potential hazardous sources of radiation when taking x-rays

A
  1. Tube head
  2. Primary beam
  3. Secondary/scattered radiation
60
Q

What happens in the tube head?

A

X-rays are produced

61
Q

True or False.

Scattered/Secondary radiation doesn’t hit the x-ray plate

A

True - as it scatters!

62
Q

What does kV stand for?

A

Kilovolts

63
Q

What does mA stand for?

A

Milliameters

64
Q

What are the 3 types of x-ray machines?

In terms of mobility..

A
  1. Portable
  2. Mobile
  3. Fixed
65
Q

What is the mA out put of a Portable x-ray machine?

A

60 mA

66
Q

What is the mA out put of a Mobile x-ray machine?

A

100 - 500 mA

67
Q

What is the mA out put of a Fixed x-ray machine?

A

1250 mA

68
Q

Where is a Portable x-ray machine most commonly used?

A

Equine

Easy to move from site to site

69
Q

True or False.

Portable x-ray machines are battery operated.

A

True

70
Q

What is the difference between Portable + Mobile x-ray machines?

A
  • Portable are transported in a carry case
  • Mobile are larger, more powerful and are moved on wheels
71
Q

Are Portable, Mobile + Fixed x-ray machines more commonly found in a Small Animal Practice?

A

Mobile

72
Q

Which is more powerful, Portable, Mixed or Fixed x-ray machines?

A

Fixed - as they are built into the x-ray room, wall + floor

Expensive
Linked to floating table

73
Q

True or False.

The table is the x-ray plate in Fixed x-ray machines

A

True

74
Q

List the 6 controls of the x-ray machine Control Panel

A
  1. On/off switch
  2. kV control
  3. mA control
  4. Timer
  5. Exposure button
  6. Activator (moving grid)
75
Q

What is this?

A

The x-ray Control Panel

76
Q

What happens if you press the exposure button 1/2 on the x-ray machine Control Panel?

A

It builds up power

77
Q

What happens if you fully hold down the exposure button on the x-ray machine Control Panel?

A

It creates an exposure/takes the x-ray

78
Q

Theoretically, why do you need to less x-ray power when taking x-rays of Cats, compared to Great Danes?

A

Because they have less adipose/fatty tissue

79
Q
A

Diagnostic Techniques Yr2 (20 decks)

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