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Diagnostic Techniques Yr2 > Biochemistry + Haematology > Flashcards

Biochemistry + Haematology Flashcards

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1
Q

What 2 components make up blood?

A
  1. Blood cells
  2. Plasma portion (fluid)
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2
Q

Blood circulates around the body, through the arteries + veins collecting various chemical components for distribution + excretion..

What is the study of the this called?

A

Biochemistry!

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3
Q

In a nutshell, what is essentially analysed in Biochemistry?

A

The chemical components in the blood

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4
Q

List the 3 layers of blood (In order) that can be visualised in a test tube/blood tube

A
  1. Plasma
  2. Buffy coat
  3. RBCs
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5
Q

What percentage of a blood tube will be Plasma?

A

55%

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6
Q

What percentage of a blood tube will be the Buffy coat?

A

Approx 1%

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7
Q

What is contained within the Buffy coat?

A

WBCs + Platelets

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8
Q

What percentage of a blood tube will be RBCs?

A

45%

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9
Q

Name 4 methods used to measure biochemical parameters

A
  1. In-house biochemistry analyser Vet-test
  2. External laboratory
  3. Commerical test strips (dipstick)
  4. Hand-held analyser
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10
Q

Name the 6 parameters that are included within a standard Biochemistry Pre-Anaesthetic profile

A
  1. ALT (Alanine aminotransferase)
  2. ALKP (Alkaline Phosphatase)
  3. Creatinine
  4. Glucose
  5. Total protein
  6. Urea
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11
Q

What does Urea (BUN) stand for?

A

Blood Urea Nitrogen

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12
Q

What is the normal Urea (BUN) range for the Dog?

A. 4.35 - 7.2 mmol/L
B. 5 - 11 mmol/L
C. 2.5 - 7 mmol/L
D. 3.46 - 8 mmol/L

A

C. 2.5 - 7 mmol/L

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13
Q

What is the normal Urea (BUN) range for the Cat?

A. 4.35 - 7.2 mmol/L
B. 5 - 11 mmol/L
C. 2.5 - 7 mmol/L
D. 3.46 - 8 mmol/L

A

B. 5 - 11 mmol/L

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14
Q

What is Urea (BUN) a good indicator for?

A

Liver + Kidney function

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15
Q

What is Urea (BUN)? + How is it formed?

A

Blood Urea Nitrogen is a waste product, formed by the Liver + excreted by the Kidneys as a result of PROTEIN metabolism

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16
Q

List as many reasons as you can for Increased Urea (BUN) levels

There’s 10!

A
  1. Infection
  2. Necrosis
  3. High-protein diet
  4. Chronic Heart Faliure
  5. Urethral obstruction
  6. Bladder rupture
  7. Renal Failure
  8. Dehydration
  9. Corticosteroid therapy (Steroids)
  10. Systemic + metabolic conditions
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17
Q

Why does CHF cause Increased Urea (BUN) levels?

A

Poor renal perfusion, so less Urea is taken to the Kidneys, so greater amount in the blood

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18
Q

List the 4 reasons for Decreased Urea (BUN) levels

A
  1. Low protein diet
  2. Anabolic steroids
  3. Liver faliure
  4. Portosystemic shunts
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19
Q

What is Creatinine in relation to Creatine Phosphokinase (CPK)?

A

Creatinine is formed from Creatine
(Found in skeletal muscle)

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20
Q

How much Creatinine is formed from Creatine?

A

Depends on the diet + muscle mass of the animal

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21
Q

When + How does Creatinine get into the blood?

A

When = (E.g) When muscles are damaged

How = Diffuses out of the muscle + into the bodily fluids + blood

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22
Q

How is Creatinine normally taken out of the blood + eliminated from the body?

A

Filtered through the glomeruli in the Kidneys + Eliminated in the urine

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23
Q

Why is Creatinine not an accurate indicator of early Kidney Disease/Failure?

A

Because 75% of nephrons are destroyed before elevated blood creatinine levels are evident

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24
Q

Name 3 potential causes of elevated Creatinine levels

A
  1. Glomeruli damage
  2. Urethral obstruction
  3. Bladder rupture
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25
I am a tube has a **pink** top + the additive **Ethylene Diamine Taetra-acetic Acid**.. What am I?
Haematology blood tube!
26
I am a tube has a **purple** top + the additive **Trisodium Citrate** or **Sodium Citrate**.. What am I?
A Coagulation or Prothombin test blood tube!
27
I am a tube that has a **White** top + no additive .. What am I?
Serum blood tube!
28
I am a tube that has a **Orange** top + the additive **Lithium Heparin**.. What am I?
Biochemistry blood tube!
29
I am a tube that has a **Yellow** top + the additive **Sodium Fluoride** or **Potassium Oxalate**.. What am I?
Blood Glucose tube!
30
What blood tube cap top has **EDTA** in it?
Pink
31
What blood tube cap top has **Sodium Citrate** in it?
Purple
32
What blood tube cap top has **No additive** in it?
White
33
What blood tube cap top has **Lithium Heparin** in it?
Orange
34
What blood tube cap top has **Potassium Citrate** in it?
Yellow
35
What additive is in the **pink** cap coloured blood tube?
EDTA
36
What additive is in the **Purple** cap coloured blood tube?
Sodium Citrate
37
What additive is in the **White** cap coloured blood tube?
None
38
What additive is in the **Orange** cap coloured blood tube?
Lithium Heparin
39
What additive is in the **Yellow** cap coloured blood tube?
Potassium Oxalate
40
List 4 biochemistry methods
1. Inhouse biochemistry analyser Vet-test 2. External laboratory 3. Commerical test strips (Dipstick) 4. Hand-held analyser
41
What is this piece of equipment?
Vet test analyser
42
What is this piece of equipment?
Dipstick or Commerical test strip
43
What is this piece of equipment?
A Vet test analyser Specifically called 'Catalyst 1'
44
What is this piece of equipment?
Handheld Glucometer
45
Identify the 6 biochemical parameters that should be included into a Standard Pre-anaesthetic Profile
1. Urea 2. Creatinine 3. ALT (Alanine aminotransferase) 4. ALKP (Alkaline Phosphatase) 5. Glucose 6. Total Protein
46
What does BUN stand for?
Blood Urea Nitrogen
47
# In mmol/L What are the normal **BUN** ranges for a **Dog**?
2.5 - 7 mmol/L
48
# In mmol/L What are the normal **BUN** ranges for a **Cat**?
5 - 11 mmol/L
49
What is BUN?
* Blood Urea Nitrogen * Is a waste product(s) formed by the liver + excreted by the kidneys as a result of protein metabolism
50
What is BUN a good indicator of?
Liver + Kidney function
51
What 10 potiental causes are there for **Increased** BUN levels?
1. Infection 2. Necrosis 3. High protein diet 4. Chronic Heart Failure (CHF) 5. Urethral Obstruction 6. Bladder rupture 7. Renal failure 8. Dehydration 9. Systemic + Metabolic conditions 10. Corticosteroid Therapy (Steroids)
52
Why is there an **Increased** in **BUN** levels with **CHF**?
Because there is poor renal perfusion, so there is less urea taken into the kidney + thus a greater amount in the blood
53
Why does **dehydration** show **increased** levels of **BUN** in the blood?
Because it reduces blood flow to the kidneys! ..Which means the kidneys cannot remove BUN from the blood, increasing its levels (Normal kidneys respond to dehydration or reduced blood flow by producing concentrated urine to conserve body fluids - by reducing the need to excrete water)
54
What 4 potiental causes are there for **Decreased** BUN levels?
1. Low protein diet 2. Anabolic steroids 3. Liver failure 4. Portosystemic shunts
55
Sidenote.. What is a **Portosystemic shunt**?
An **abnormal conncetion** between the **portal vascular system** + the **systemic circulation** Blood from the **abdominal organs**, which should be **drained** by the **portal vein** into the **liver**, is instead **shunted** to the systemic circulation by the PSS or shunting vessel ## Footnote **Shunting** vessel = **abnormal** blood vessel that **connects** the **bloody suppl**y from the **intestines** > **main circulation** - by **bypassing** the **liver**!
56
What is the full name given to Creatinine?
Creatine phosphokinase (CPK)
57
What is the normal **Creatinine** range for a **Dog**?
40 - 130 umol/L
58
What is the normal **Creatinine** range for a **Cat**?
40 - 130 umol/L
59
True or False. Dogs and Cats have the same normal Creatinine ranges.
True They are both 40 - 130 umol/L
60
What forms Creatinine?
Creatine
61
What does Creatine form?
Creatinine
62
Where is Creatine found?
In the skeletal muscle
63
What does Creatine/Creatinine production depend on?
Diet + Muscle mass
64
How does Creatinine get into the blood?
When cells are damaged, Creatinine diffuses out of the muscle + into bodily fluids > blood stream
65
What is Creatinine's usual pathway through the body?
1. Creatine in skeletal muscle diffuses into blood stream when cells are damaged 1. Travels to the kidney 1. Filtered through the glomeruli 1. Eliminated in urine ## Footnote ..Why it determines kidney function!
66
Why is Creatinine not an indicator of early kidney function compromise?
Because approximately 75% of kidney function must become non-functional before elevated blood creatinine levels are seen
67
Identify 3 reasons for increased Creatinine level?
1. Damaged glomeruli 2. Urethral obstruction 3. Bladder rupture
68
Indentify 6 reasons for **Increased** **Creatinine** (CPK)
1. Muscle disorders in small animals caused by exertional Hyperthermia 2. Hypothyroidism 3. Heart disease 4. Selenium deficiency 5. Vitamin E deficiency 6. Muscle trauma
69
What is ALT?
Alanine Aminotransferase
70
What is the normal **ALT** or Alanine Aminotransferase range for a **Dog**?
10 - 125 IU/L
71
What is the normal **ALT** or Alanine Aminotransferase range for a **Cat**?
12 - 130 IU/L
72
List 3 reasons for **increased** Alanine Aminotransferase (**ALT**)
1. Liver disease 2. Severe muscle damage 3. Feline Hyperthyroidism
73
Why are **decreased** Alanine Aminotransferase (**ALT**) not considered to be of any significance?
Because the liver has a large regnerative capacity
74
What is the other acroynm for ALP?
ALKP
75
What is ALKP or ALP?
Alkaline Phosphatase
76
What are the normal ranges of **Alkaline Phosphatas**e (ALKP) in **Dogs**?
0 - 80 IU/L
77
What are the normal ranges of **Alkaline Phosphatas**e (ALKP) in **Cats**?
15 - 96 IU/L
78
True or False. ALKP is not widly distributed throughout the body.
False - it is widely distributed throughout the body
79
Why is **Alkaline Phosphatase** elevated in **younger** animals?
Because ALKP/ALP is found in Osteoblasts + growing animals are growing bones, so there is more ALKP in the body!
80
True or False. ALKP can only be measured using a stick test.
False. It can only be measured using a laboratory analyser
81
What is the chosen diagnostic tool of choice for ALKP?
Laboratory analyser
82
What is this?
Glucometer
83
Identify the normal **Glucose** range for a **Dog**
3.3 - 6 mmol/L
84
Identify the normal **Glucose** range for a **Cat**
3.3 - 6 mmol/L
85
True or False. The normal Glucose range for a Cat + Dog are the same
True They are both 3.3 - 6 mmol/L
86
What controls the concentration of Glucose levels within the body?
The hormones: Insulin + Glucagon
87
What is Glucose the main source of energy for?
Cells
88
List 4 potential presenting clinical signs of **Increased** Glucose levels
1. PD 2. PU 3. Weight loss 4. Cataract formation
89
# 6.. When can you see **elevated** levels of **Glucose** in the body?
1. Diabetes mellitus 2. Hyperadrenocorticism 3. Corticosteroid therapy 4. Stress 5. Pancreatitis 6. Post-feeding samples
90
# 6.. When can you see **decreased** levels of **Glucose** in the body?
1. Hepatic insuffciency 2. Hyperadrenocorticism 3. Neoplasia 4. Malabsorption 5. Starvation 6. Insulin treatment
91
What is this piece of equipment? + What can you use this to measure?
1. Refractometer 2. Urinalysis + Total proteins/solids
92
What is the normal TP or **Total Protein** range in **Dogs**?
54 - 71 g/L
93
What is the normal TP or **Total Protein** range in **Cats**?
54 - 78 g/L
94
True or False. The normal ranges for TP in Cats + Dogs are the same
False - but very close! * Dogs = 54 - 7**1** g/L * Cats = 54 - 7**8** g/L
95
What is Total Protein/TP made up of?
1. Albumin 2. Globulin In the blood
96
What 2 substances make up TP?
1. Albumin 2. Globulin
97
What are the 5 indicators of **elevated** **TP**?
1. Dehydration 2. Chronic + Immune-mediated disease 3. Lactation 4. Infection 5. Neoplasia
98
What are the 5 indicators of **decreased** **TP**?
1. Renal disease 2. Malnutrition 3. Malabsorption 4. Haemorrhage 5. Hepatic + Pancreatic Insufficiency
99
When perfoming biochemical testing, what does it mean if the VS asks you to complete a **GHP**?
General Health Profie
100
List the **6** chemical properties that make up a **GHP**
1. Albumin 2. Amylase 3. Calcium 4. Chloesterol 5. Phosphorus 6. Total Bilirubin
101
What is this piece of equipment?
Lactatometer or Lactate Analyser (Lactate Pro 2)
102
What are the normal ranges of **Blood Lactate** for Dogs + Cats?
< 2.5
103
What is the other name given to Blood Lactate?
Lactic acid
104
What is the other name given to Lactic acid?
Blood Lactate
105
What does a Lactate analyser measure?
The measurement of the amount of Lactic acid in the blood at **ONE given time**
106
How is Lactate made?
It's produced by the cells as the body turns food into energy (Cell metabolism)
107
What does **high levels** of of **lactate** in the **blood** indicate?
Indicates Hypoxia (lack of O2 in the blood) or reduced circulation
108
When it Lactate testing commonly performed?
In Emergencies, for patients in **Shock**
109
Name the **4** main electrolytes that we test for in biochemistry?
1. Na (Sodium) 2. K (Potassium) 3. Cl (Chlorine) 4. Ph (Phosporus)
110
What are these commonly used to test for?
Electrolytes
111
What is this an example of?
Blood results
112
What is the normal **Albumin** level for **Dogs**?
25 - 40 g/L
113
What is the normal **Albumin** level for **Cats**?
25 - 40 g/L
114
True or False. The normal ranges of **Albumin** for **Dogs** + **Cats** are not the same.
False, they are. They are both 25 - 40 g/L
115
What is the function of Albumin?
To maintain Osmotic pressure of the blood
116
Where is Albumin formed?
In the Liver
117
What % of Albumin is Total Protein?
40 - 60%
118
List 5 causes of **decreased** levels of **Albumin**
1. Chronic Liver Disease 2. Ascites 3. Tissue Oedema 4. Heart Faliure 5. Renal Faliure
119
What process is Amylase involved in?
Starch digestion
120
Is Amylase water or fat-soluble?
Water soluble
121
What is Amylase?
An enzyme
122
Where is Amylase excreted from?
The Pancreas
123
Identify the normal ranges of **Amylase** in **Dogs** + **Cats**
Both: 400 - 2000 units/L
124
What are Calcium concentrations usually related to/with?
Phosphorus concentrations
125
Where is the majority of Calcium found?
In the bone
126
Where else can you find a large amount of Calcium, other than the bone?
Neuromuscular junctions
127
Identify 4 reasons for **increased** levels of **Calcium** in the blood
1. Dehydration 2. Neoplasia 3. Hyperparathyroidism 4. Renal disease
128
Identify 4 reasons for **decreased** levels of **Calcium** in the blood
1. Hypoparathyroidism 2. Eclampsia 3. Pregnancy 4. Acute Pancreatitis
129
What are the normal ranges of **Calcium** in **Dogs**?
2 - 3 mmol/L
130
What are the normal ranges of **Calcium** in **Cats**?
1.8 - 3 mmol/L
131
What is Cholesterol?
A plasma Lipoprotein
132
Where is Cholesterol produced?
In the liver + but also obtained from food
133
What are the normal ranges of **Cholesterol** in **Dogs**?
2.5 - 8 mmol/L
134
What are the normal ranges of **Cholesterol** in **Cats**?
2 - 6.5 mmol/L
135
Identify 6 reasons for **Increased** **Cholesterol** in the blood
1. Diabetes mellitus 2. Hypothyroidism 3. Hyperadrenocorticism 4. Liver disease 5. Renal disease 6. Seen in post-feeding blood samples
136
Identify 3 reasons for **decreased** **Cholesterol** in the blood
1. Maldigestion 2. Malabsorption 3. Severe Hepatic Insufficiency
137
What is this yellow object in the blood?
Cholesterol!
138
What is Phosphorus?
A mineral
139
What 3 factors can affect Phosphorus levels?
1. Age 2. Diet 3. Timing of sampling
140
What mineral plays multiple vital roles in the function + structure of the cells?
Phosphorus
141
Identify 3 reasons for **decreased** **Phosphorus** in the blood
1. Overactive Parathyroid Gland 2. Malnutrition 3. Malabsorption
142
Identify 2 reasons for **Increased** **Phosphorus** in the blood
1. Underactive Parathyroid Gland 2. Kidney Disease
143
What is the normal range for **Phosphorus** in **Dogs**?
0.8 - 1.6 mmol/L
144
What is the normal range for **Phosphorus** in **Cats**?
1.3 - 2.6 mmol/L
145
How is Bilirubin created?
Formed by Haemoglobin breakdown by: * Degeneration of RBCs in the presence of Autoimmune Haemolytic Anaemia OR * Haemobartonella
146
Where is Bilirubin secreted from?
Liver
147
From the Liver, where is Bilirubin secreted into?
The Intestinal tract, as **Bile**
148
If the bile duct is blocked or Liver function is impaired, what happens to the circulating amount of Bilirubin?
It Increases
149
What can an increase of Bilirubin lead to?
Jaundice
150
When are Bilirubin tests performed?
1. Evidence of Juandice on examination 2. Icteric Plasma 3. Suspected Hepatic Disease
151

Diagnostic Techniques Yr2 (21 decks)

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