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Diagnostic Techniques Yr2 > Biochemistry + Haematology > Flashcards

Biochemistry + Haematology Flashcards

1
Q

What 2 components make up blood?

A
  1. Blood cells
  2. Plasma portion (fluid)
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2
Q

Blood circulates around the body, through the arteries + veins collecting various chemical components for distribution + excretion..

What is the study of the this called?

A

Biochemistry!

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3
Q

In a nutshell, what is essentially analysed in Biochemistry?

A

The chemical components in the blood

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4
Q

List the 3 layers of blood (In order) that can be visualised in a test tube/blood tube

A
  1. Plasma
  2. Buffy coat
  3. RBCs
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5
Q

What percentage of a blood tube will be Plasma?

A

55%

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6
Q

What percentage of a blood tube will be the Buffy coat?

A

Approx 1%

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7
Q

What is contained within the Buffy coat?

A

WBCs + Platelets

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8
Q

What percentage of a blood tube will be RBCs?

A

45%

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9
Q

Name 4 methods used to measure biochemical parameters

A
  1. In-house biochemistry analyser Vet-test
  2. External laboratory
  3. Commerical test strips (dipstick)
  4. Hand-held analyser
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10
Q

Name the 6 parameters that are included within a standard Biochemistry Pre-Anaesthetic profile

A
  1. ALT (Alanine aminotransferase)
  2. ALKP (Alkaline Phosphatase)
  3. Creatinine
  4. Glucose
  5. Total protein
  6. Urea
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11
Q

What does Urea (BUN) stand for?

A

Blood Urea Nitrogen

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12
Q

What is the normal Urea (BUN) range for the Dog?

A. 4.35 - 7.2 mmol/L
B. 5 - 11 mmol/L
C. 2.5 - 7 mmol/L
D. 3.46 - 8 mmol/L

A

C. 2.5 - 7 mmol/L

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13
Q

What is the normal Urea (BUN) range for the Cat?

A. 4.35 - 7.2 mmol/L
B. 5 - 11 mmol/L
C. 2.5 - 7 mmol/L
D. 3.46 - 8 mmol/L

A

B. 5 - 11 mmol/L

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14
Q

What is Urea (BUN) a good indicator for?

A

Liver + Kidney function

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15
Q

What is Urea (BUN)? + How is it formed?

A

Blood Urea Nitrogen is a waste product, formed by the Liver + excreted by the Kidneys as a result of PROTEIN metabolism

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16
Q

List as many reasons as you can for Increased Urea (BUN) levels

There’s 10!

A
  1. Infection
  2. Necrosis
  3. High-protein diet
  4. Chronic Heart Faliure
  5. Urethral obstruction
  6. Bladder rupture
  7. Renal Failure
  8. Dehydration
  9. Corticosteroid therapy (Steroids)
  10. Systemic + metabolic conditions
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17
Q

Why does CHF cause Increased Urea (BUN) levels?

A

Poor renal perfusion, so less Urea is taken to the Kidneys, so greater amount in the blood

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18
Q

List the 4 reasons for Decreased Urea (BUN) levels

A
  1. Low protein diet
  2. Anabolic steroids
  3. Liver faliure
  4. Portosystemic shunts
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19
Q

What is Creatinine in relation to Creatine Phosphokinase (CPK)?

A

Creatinine is formed from Creatine
(Found in skeletal muscle)

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20
Q

How much Creatinine is formed from Creatine?

A

Depends on the diet + muscle mass of the animal

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21
Q

When + How does Creatinine get into the blood?

A

When = (E.g) When muscles are damaged

How = Diffuses out of the muscle + into the bodily fluids + blood

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22
Q

How is Creatinine normally taken out of the blood + eliminated from the body?

A

Filtered through the glomeruli in the Kidneys + Eliminated in the urine

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23
Q

Why is Creatinine not an accurate indicator of early Kidney Disease/Failure?

A

Because 75% of nephrons are destroyed before elevated blood creatinine levels are evident

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24
Q

Name 3 potential causes of elevated Creatinine levels

A
  1. Glomeruli damage
  2. Urethral obstruction
  3. Bladder rupture
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25
Q

I am a tube has a pink top + the additive Ethylene Diamine Taetra-acetic Acid..

What am I?

A

Haematology blood tube!

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26
Q

I am a tube has a purple top + the additive Trisodium Citrate or Sodium Citrate..

What am I?

A

A Coagulation or Prothombin test blood tube!

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27
Q

I am a tube that has a White top + no additive ..

What am I?

A

Serum blood tube!

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28
Q

I am a tube that has a Orange top + the additive Lithium Heparin..

What am I?

A

Biochemistry blood tube!

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29
Q

I am a tube that has a Yellow top + the additive Sodium Fluoride or Potassium Oxalate..

What am I?

A

Blood Glucose tube!

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30
Q

What blood tube cap top has EDTA in it?

A

Pink

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31
Q

What blood tube cap top has Sodium Citrate in it?

A

Purple

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32
Q

What blood tube cap top has No additive in it?

A

White

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33
Q

What blood tube cap top has Lithium Heparin in it?

A

Orange

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34
Q

What blood tube cap top has Potassium Citrate in it?

A

Yellow

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35
Q

What additive is in the pink cap coloured blood tube?

A

EDTA

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36
Q

What additive is in the Purple cap coloured blood tube?

A

Sodium Citrate

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37
Q

What additive is in the White cap coloured blood tube?

A

None

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38
Q

What additive is in the Orange cap coloured blood tube?

A

Lithium Heparin

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39
Q

What additive is in the Yellow cap coloured blood tube?

A

Potassium Oxalate

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40
Q

List 4 biochemistry methods

A
  1. Inhouse biochemistry analyser Vet-test
  2. External laboratory
  3. Commerical test strips (Dipstick)
  4. Hand-held analyser
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41
Q

What is this piece of equipment?

A

Vet test analyser

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42
Q

What is this piece of equipment?

A

Dipstick or Commerical test strip

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43
Q

What is this piece of equipment?

A

A Vet test analyser
Specifically called ‘Catalyst 1’

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44
Q

What is this piece of equipment?

A

Handheld Glucometer

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45
Q

Identify the 6 biochemical parameters that should be included into a Standard Pre-anaesthetic Profile

A
  1. Urea
  2. Creatinine
  3. ALT (Alanine aminotransferase)
  4. ALKP (Alkaline Phosphatase)
  5. Glucose
  6. Total Protein
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46
Q

What does BUN stand for?

A

Blood Urea Nitrogen

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47
Q

In mmol/L

What are the normal BUN ranges for a Dog?

A

2.5 - 7 mmol/L

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48
Q

In mmol/L

What are the normal BUN ranges for a Cat?

A

5 - 11 mmol/L

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49
Q

What is BUN?

A
  • Blood Urea Nitrogen
  • Is a waste product(s) formed by the liver + excreted by the kidneys as a result of protein metabolism
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50
Q

What is BUN a good indicator of?

A

Liver + Kidney function

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51
Q

What 10 potiental causes are there for Increased BUN levels?

A
  1. Infection
  2. Necrosis
  3. High protein diet
  4. Chronic Heart Failure (CHF)
  5. Urethral Obstruction
  6. Bladder rupture
  7. Renal failure
  8. Dehydration
  9. Systemic + Metabolic conditions
  10. Corticosteroid Therapy (Steroids)
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52
Q

Why is there an Increased in BUN levels with CHF?

A

Because there is poor renal perfusion, so there is less urea taken into the kidney + thus a greater amount in the blood

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53
Q

Why does dehydration show increased levels of BUN in the blood?

A

Because it reduces blood flow to the kidneys!

..Which means the kidneys cannot remove BUN from the blood, increasing its levels

(Normal kidneys respond to dehydration or reduced blood flow by producing concentrated urine to conserve body fluids - by reducing the need to excrete water)

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54
Q

What 4 potiental causes are there for Decreased BUN levels?

A
  1. Low protein diet
  2. Anabolic steroids
  3. Liver failure
  4. Portosystemic shunts
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55
Q

Sidenote..

What is a Portosystemic shunt?

A

An abnormal conncetion between the portal vascular system + the systemic circulation

Blood from the abdominal organs, which should be drained by the portal vein into the liver, is instead shunted to the systemic circulation by the PSS or shunting vessel

Shunting vessel = abnormal blood vessel that connects the bloody supply from the intestines > main circulation - by bypassing the liver!

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56
Q

What is the full name given to Creatinine?

A

Creatine phosphokinase (CPK)

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57
Q

What is the normal Creatinine range for a Dog?

A

40 - 130 umol/L

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58
Q

What is the normal Creatinine range for a Cat?

A

40 - 130 umol/L

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59
Q

True or False.

Dogs and Cats have the same normal Creatinine ranges.

A

True

They are both 40 - 130 umol/L

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60
Q

What forms Creatinine?

A

Creatine

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61
Q

What does Creatine form?

A

Creatinine

62
Q

Where is Creatine found?

A

In the skeletal muscle

63
Q

What does Creatine/Creatinine production depend on?

A

Diet + Muscle mass

64
Q

How does Creatinine get into the blood?

A

When cells are damaged, Creatinine diffuses out of the muscle + into bodily fluids > blood stream

65
Q

What is Creatinine’s usual pathway through the body?

A
  1. Creatine in skeletal muscle diffuses into blood stream when cells are damaged
  2. Travels to the kidney
  3. Filtered through the glomeruli
  4. Eliminated in urine

..Why it determines kidney function!

66
Q

Why is Creatinine not an indicator of early kidney function compromise?

A

Because approximately 75% of kidney function must become non-functional before elevated blood creatinine levels are seen

67
Q

Identify 3 reasons for increased Creatinine level?

A
  1. Damaged glomeruli
  2. Urethral obstruction
  3. Bladder rupture
68
Q

Indentify 6 reasons for Increased Creatinine (CPK)

A
  1. Muscle disorders in small animals caused by exertional Hyperthermia
  2. Hypothyroidism
  3. Heart disease
  4. Selenium deficiency
  5. Vitamin E deficiency
  6. Muscle trauma
69
Q

What is ALT?

A

Alanine Aminotransferase

70
Q

What is the normal ALT or Alanine Aminotransferase range for a Dog?

A

10 - 125 IU/L

71
Q

What is the normal ALT or Alanine Aminotransferase range for a Cat?

A

12 - 130 IU/L

72
Q

List 3 reasons for increased Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT)

A
  1. Liver disease
  2. Severe muscle damage
  3. Feline Hyperthyroidism
73
Q

Why are decreased Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) not considered to be of any significance?

A

Because the liver has a large regnerative capacity

74
Q

What is the other acroynm for ALP?

A

ALKP

75
Q

What is ALKP or ALP?

A

Alkaline Phosphatase

76
Q

What are the normal ranges of Alkaline Phosphatase (ALKP) in Dogs?

A

0 - 80 IU/L

77
Q

What are the normal ranges of Alkaline Phosphatase (ALKP) in Cats?

A

15 - 96 IU/L

78
Q

True or False.

ALKP is not widly distributed throughout the body.

A

False - it is widely distributed throughout the body

79
Q

Why is Alkaline Phosphatase elevated in younger animals?

A

Because ALKP/ALP is found in Osteoblasts + growing animals are growing bones, so there is more ALKP in the body!

80
Q

True or False.

ALKP can only be measured using a stick test.

A

False.

It can only be measured using a laboratory analyser

81
Q

What is the chosen diagnostic tool of choice for ALKP?

A

Laboratory analyser

82
Q

What is this?

A

Glucometer

83
Q

Identify the normal Glucose range for a Dog

A

3.3 - 6 mmol/L

84
Q

Identify the normal Glucose range for a Cat

A

3.3 - 6 mmol/L

85
Q

True or False.

The normal Glucose range for a Cat + Dog are the same

A

True

They are both 3.3 - 6 mmol/L

86
Q

What controls the concentration of Glucose levels within the body?

A

The hormones: Insulin + Glucagon

87
Q

What is Glucose the main source of energy for?

A

Cells

88
Q

List 4 potential presenting clinical signs of Increased Glucose levels

A
  1. PD
  2. PU
  3. Weight loss
  4. Cataract formation
89
Q

6..

When can you see elevated levels of Glucose in the body?

A
  1. Diabetes mellitus
  2. Hyperadrenocorticism
  3. Corticosteroid therapy
  4. Stress
  5. Pancreatitis
  6. Post-feeding samples
90
Q

6..

When can you see decreased levels of Glucose in the body?

A
  1. Hepatic insuffciency
  2. Hyperadrenocorticism
  3. Neoplasia
  4. Malabsorption
  5. Starvation
  6. Insulin treatment
91
Q

What is this piece of equipment?
+
What can you use this to measure?

A
  1. Refractometer
  2. Urinalysis + Total proteins/solids
92
Q

What is the normal TP or Total Protein range in Dogs?

A

54 - 71 g/L

93
Q

What is the normal TP or Total Protein range in Cats?

A

54 - 78 g/L

94
Q

True or False.

The normal ranges for TP in Cats + Dogs are the same

A

False - but very close!

  • Dogs = 54 - 71 g/L
  • Cats = 54 - 78 g/L
95
Q

What is Total Protein/TP made up of?

A
  1. Albumin
  2. Globulin

In the blood

96
Q

What 2 substances make up TP?

A
  1. Albumin
  2. Globulin
97
Q

What are the 5 indicators of elevated TP?

A
  1. Dehydration
  2. Chronic + Immune-mediated disease
  3. Lactation
  4. Infection
  5. Neoplasia
98
Q

What are the 5 indicators of decreased TP?

A
  1. Renal disease
  2. Malnutrition
  3. Malabsorption
  4. Haemorrhage
  5. Hepatic + Pancreatic Insufficiency
99
Q

When perfoming biochemical testing, what does it mean if the VS asks you to complete a GHP?

A

General Health Profie

100
Q

List the 6 chemical properties that make up a GHP

A
  1. Albumin
  2. Amylase
  3. Calcium
  4. Chloesterol
  5. Phosphorus
  6. Total Bilirubin
101
Q

What is this piece of equipment?

A

Lactatometer
or
Lactate Analyser

(Lactate Pro 2)

102
Q

What are the normal ranges of Blood Lactate for Dogs + Cats?

A

< 2.5

103
Q

What is the other name given to Blood Lactate?

A

Lactic acid

104
Q

What is the other name given to Lactic acid?

A

Blood Lactate

105
Q

What does a Lactate analyser measure?

A

The measurement of the amount of Lactic acid in the blood at ONE given time

106
Q

How is Lactate made?

A

It’s produced by the cells as the body turns food into energy
(Cell metabolism)

107
Q

What does high levels of of lactate in the blood indicate?

A

Indicates Hypoxia
(lack of O2 in the blood) or reduced circulation

108
Q

When it Lactate testing commonly performed?

A

In Emergencies, for patients in Shock

109
Q

Name the 4 main electrolytes that we test for in biochemistry?

A
  1. Na (Sodium)
  2. K (Potassium)
  3. Cl (Chlorine)
  4. Ph (Phosporus)
110
Q

What are these commonly used to test for?

A

Electrolytes

111
Q

What is this an example of?

A

Blood results

112
Q

What is the normal Albumin level for Dogs?

A

25 - 40 g/L

113
Q

What is the normal Albumin level for Cats?

A

25 - 40 g/L

114
Q

True or False.

The normal ranges of Albumin for Dogs + Cats are not the same.

A

False, they are.

They are both 25 - 40 g/L

115
Q

What is the function of Albumin?

A

To maintain Osmotic pressure of the blood

116
Q

Where is Albumin formed?

A

In the Liver

117
Q

What % of Albumin is Total Protein?

A

40 - 60%

118
Q

List 5 causes of decreased levels of Albumin

A
  1. Chronic Liver Disease
  2. Ascites
  3. Tissue Oedema
  4. Heart Faliure
  5. Renal Faliure
119
Q

What process is Amylase involved in?

A

Starch digestion

120
Q

Is Amylase water or fat-soluble?

A

Water soluble

121
Q

What is Amylase?

A

An enzyme

122
Q

Where is Amylase excreted from?

A

The Pancreas

123
Q

Identify the normal ranges of Amylase in Dogs + Cats

A

Both: 400 - 2000 units/L

124
Q

What are Calcium concentrations usually related to/with?

A

Phosphorus concentrations

125
Q

Where is the majority of Calcium found?

A

In the bone

126
Q

Where else can you find a large amount of Calcium, other than the bone?

A

Neuromuscular junctions

127
Q

Identify 4 reasons for increased levels of Calcium in the blood

A
  1. Dehydration
  2. Neoplasia
  3. Hyperparathyroidism
  4. Renal disease
128
Q

Identify 4 reasons for decreased levels of Calcium in the blood

A
  1. Hypoparathyroidism
  2. Eclampsia
  3. Pregnancy
  4. Acute Pancreatitis
129
Q

What are the normal ranges of Calcium in Dogs?

A

2 - 3 mmol/L

130
Q

What are the normal ranges of Calcium in Cats?

A

1.8 - 3 mmol/L

131
Q

What is Cholesterol?

A

A plasma Lipoprotein

132
Q

Where is Cholesterol produced?

A

In the liver + but also obtained from food

133
Q

What are the normal ranges of Cholesterol in Dogs?

A

2.5 - 8 mmol/L

134
Q

What are the normal ranges of Cholesterol in Cats?

A

2 - 6.5 mmol/L

135
Q

Identify 6 reasons for Increased Cholesterol in the blood

A
  1. Diabetes mellitus
  2. Hypothyroidism
  3. Hyperadrenocorticism
  4. Liver disease
  5. Renal disease
  6. Seen in post-feeding blood samples
136
Q

Identify 3 reasons for decreased Cholesterol in the blood

A
  1. Maldigestion
  2. Malabsorption
  3. Severe Hepatic Insufficiency
137
Q

What is this yellow object in the blood?

A

Cholesterol!

138
Q

What is Phosphorus?

A

A mineral

139
Q

What 3 factors can affect Phosphorus levels?

A
  1. Age
  2. Diet
  3. Timing of sampling
140
Q

What mineral plays multiple vital roles in the function + structure of the cells?

A

Phosphorus

141
Q

Identify 3 reasons for decreased Phosphorus in the blood

A
  1. Overactive Parathyroid Gland
  2. Malnutrition
  3. Malabsorption
142
Q

Identify 2 reasons for Increased Phosphorus in the blood

A
  1. Underactive Parathyroid Gland
  2. Kidney Disease
143
Q

What is the normal range for Phosphorus in Dogs?

A

0.8 - 1.6 mmol/L

144
Q

What is the normal range for Phosphorus in Cats?

A

1.3 - 2.6 mmol/L

145
Q

How is Bilirubin created?

A

Formed by Haemoglobin breakdown by:

  • Degeneration of RBCs in the presence of Autoimmune Haemolytic Anaemia
    OR
  • Haemobartonella
146
Q

Where is Bilirubin secreted from?

A

Liver

147
Q

From the Liver, where is Bilirubin secreted into?

A

The Intestinal tract, as Bile

148
Q

If the bile duct is blocked or Liver function is impaired, what happens to the circulating amount of Bilirubin?

A

It Increases

149
Q

What can an increase of Bilirubin lead to?

A

Jaundice

150
Q

When are Bilirubin tests performed?

A
  1. Evidence of Juandice on examination
  2. Icteric Plasma
  3. Suspected Hepatic Disease
151
Q
A

Diagnostic Techniques Yr2 (21 decks)

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