Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Year 2 MBChB Endocrine > Diabetic Complications > Flashcards

Diabetic Complications Flashcards

1
Q

Name 3 microvascular complications of DM + how does this occur?

A

Neuropathy
Nephropathy
Retinopathy
Reduced blood flow leads to hypoperfusion of nerves and other structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Name 4 eye diseases that diabetic get.

A

Retinopathy
Cataract
Glacuoma
Visual blurring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

2 features of background retinopathy?

A

Haemorrhgaes

Microaneurysms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Features of pre-proliferative retinopathy?

A 
Haemorrhages
Microaneurysms
Hard exudate
Cotton wool spots
Venous beading
IRMA
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is severe proliferative retinopathy?

A

Formation of new blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Name 2 treatments for retinopathy.

A

Photocoagulation

Vitrectomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the next step up from proliferative retinopathy?

A

Diabetic maculopathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is another name for nephropathy + 2 classic features?

A

Nodular glomerulosclerosis
Glomerular fibrosis
Proteinuria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Name 2 tests to screen for diabetic nephropathy?

A

Urine A:C ratio

GFR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Give the values of A:C for microalbuminemia, proteinuria and nephrotic syndrome.

A

> 2.5
30
300

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Name 4 drugs for diabetic nephropathy treatment starting with most useful.

A

ACEi
ARB
SGLT2i
Spironolactone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the symptoms of peripheral neuropathy + where does is commonly occur?

A

Numbness and pain

Hands and feet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Neuropathy and … are commonly seen together? Neuropathy is more common in T1DM/T2DM?

A

Ischaemia

T1DM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Initial test for neuropathy vs. ischaemia?

A

10g microfilament

Doppler scan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Name the main complication of neuropathy + an example and what it is.

A

Foot ulcers leading to infection
Charcot’s foot
Inflammation leading to bone destruction and deformity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the most common type of diabetic neuropathy and how does it present?

A

Proximal

T2DM patients with numb thighs, hips and bum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

List 5 diabetic emergencies?

A 
HHS
DKA
Lactic acidosis
Alcohol acidosis 
Hyperglycemia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What do saline, dextrose and fluids all treat + what do saline and dextrose respectively treat?

A

All treat dehydration
Saline/NaCl = low sodium
Dextrose/sugar = low BG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Explain how DKA works.

A

Lack of insulin
Less uptake of glucose into cells
Increased glucagon, cortisol etc. which cause lipolysis
Ketones produced

21
Q

What is the main cause of DKA?

A

Poor diabetes medication management

23
Q

What is the blood vs urine measurement of ketones?

A 
Blood = beta-hydroxybutarate
Urine = acetoacetate
24
Q

How can DKA present?

A 
Polyuria/dipsia
N and V
Tachycardia
Dizziness
Kussmaul's breathing
Acidotic breath
Coma/death
25
Q

Diagnosis values of ketonemia, ketonuria, pH, BG, and bicarb for DKA?

A 
pH < 7.3
Ketonemia > 3
Ketonuria > 2
BG > 11
Bicarb < 15
26
Q

What is the exception for elevated BG in DKA?

A

Euglycaemic DM

27
Q

Explain DKA profile in terms of K, Na, lactate, WBC, amylase and creatinine?

A

Na low

K, amylase, lactate, creatinine and WBC high

28
Q

Name 5 serious complications of DKA.

A 
Hypokalemia 
Cerebral oedema
PE
ARDS
Aspiration pneumonia
29
Q

Name the 3 main parts of DKA treatment.

A

IV 0.9% saline then 5% dextrose when BG 15
IV insulin
IV K+

30
Q

Explain DKA profile in terms of glucose, ketones, de-hydration, pH and osmolality.

A 
High
High
High
Low
Variable
31
Q

If BG normal or low in suspected DKA, suspect what condition?

A

Alcoholic/starvation ketoacidosis

32
Q

What is the 3 main parts of treatment for alcoholic ketoacidosis?

A

IV vitamins
IV 5% dextrose
IV insulin

33
Q

Explain alcoholic ketoacidosis profile in terms of glucose, ketones, de-hydration, pH and osmolality.

A 
Normal
High
High
Low
Variable
34
Q

What is type A + type B lactic acidosis associated with?

A 
A = tissue hypoxaemia
B = DKA
35
Q

What is blood lactate value in lactic acidosis?

A

> 5

36
Q

Explain lactic acidosis profile in terms of glucose, ketones, de-hydration, pH and osmolality.

A 
Normal
Normal
Normal
Low
Normal
37
Q

Name 2 causes of lactic acidosis in DM.

A

Metformin use

Septicaemia

37
Q

What are the 3 main parts of lactic acidosis treatment?

A

Stop offending drug
IV fluids
IV antibiotics

38
Q

Name the triad of HSS.

A

Hypovolaemia
Hyperglycaemia
Hyperosmolality

39
Q

What is a typical history of HSS?

A

Older person with high carb intake pre-event

40
Q

Name 2 other causes of HSS?

A

Drugs

Infection

42
Q

What are the 3 main parts to HSS treatment?

A

IV 0.9% saline
IV K+
IV insulin

42
Q

Explain HSS profile in terms of glucose, ketones, de-hydration, pH and osmolality.

A 
Very high
Normal
High
Normal
Very high
43
Q

Which diabetic complication is more common in T1DM and T1DM?

A 
T1DM = DKA
T2DM = HHS
43
Q

Does DKA or HHS have more serious complications/fatality rate + which one takes longer to develop?

A

HHS

HHS

44
Q

How do you calculate the osmolality + anionic gap and provide normal ranges?

A

Osmo = 2x (Na + K) + urea + glucose = 285-295

Anionic gap = Na + K - Cl + HCO3 = 10-18

46
Q

What is the BG value for hypoglycaemia?

A

< 3

46
Q

Normal blood glucose range encompassing post-prandial ?

A

3.9-7.1

47
Q

Treatment for conscious and unconscious hypo?

A 
Conscious = 15-20g glucose
Unconscious = 10% IV insulin

Year 2 MBChB Endocrine (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions