Anatomy Flashcards
What 3 structures make up the diencephalon?
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Epithalamus
Where specifically does the pituitary gland sit in the skull?
Mid-spehnoid pituitary fossa in the sella turcica
Which structure connects the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland (+ which part)?
Infundibulum
Posterior pituitary
Which dural venous sinus drains the pituitary gland + what structures does it contain?
Cavernous sinuses
Internal carotid artery + CN III-VI
Where do the cavernous sinuses sit in relation to the pituitary gland and what structure do they form anteriorly?
Left and right sit next to pituitary
Form intercavernous sinus anteriorly
What structure does the posterior and anterior pituitary develop from?
Posterior = infundibulum
Anterior = Rathke’s pouch
Describe the blood supply in and out of the anterior pituitary.
Superior hypophyseal artery supplies anterior pituitary
Inferior hypophyseal artery supplies posterior pituitary
Blood runs through capillary networks
Drains out into the cavernous sinuses
Which cranial nerve does the pituitary sit close to + name of pituitary tumour complication?
Optic nerve CN II
Bitemporal hemianopia
Describe the visual pathway.
Peripheral light hits nasal retina
Medial light hits temporal retina
Signal travels via CN II to optic chiasm
Travels posteriorly via optic radiation to occipital lobe
Nasal crosses over at chiasm, temporal stays on outside
Which structure lines the floor of the cranial fossa + name for cerebllum and pituitary fossa covering?
Dura mater
Tentorium cerebelli
Diapgragm sellae
All sinuses of the … … … system drain into the … … … via the … … of the skull.
Dural venous sinus
Internal jugular vein
Jugular foramen
What verterbral level does the thyroid cartilage span from + name of the structure which connects the two lobes?
C5-T1
Isthmus
Name the 3 structures the thyroid gland attaches to?
Thyroid cartilage
Cricoid cartilage
Trachea
Name the coloured cartilages of the larynx.
Green = epiglottis
Red = thyroid
Yellow = cricoid
Blue = arytenoid
Purple = corniculate
Name the main 4 deep fascial compartments of the neck.
Pretracheal
Preverterbal
Carotid sheath
Investing
What 2 muscles does the investing fascia contain?
Trapezius
SCM
Name the components of the carotid sheaths.
Common and internal carotid artery
Internal jugular vein
Vagus nerve CN X
Deep cervical lymph nodes
Name the superior and inferior attachment of the carotid sheaths.
Jugular foramen
Mediastinal fascia
Name the 5 components of the pretracheal fascia.
Oesophagus
Trachea
Thryoid gland
Strap muscles
Recurrent laryngeal nerve (CN X)
Name the course of the right and left recurrent laryngeal nerves from branching off CN X to the larynx.
Left hooks under aortic arch
Right hooks under subclavian artery
Both run in trache-oesophageal groove
What key muscle of the larynx does the recurrent laryngeal nerve supply + what is its significance?
Posterior cricoarytenoid
Only muscles that can abduct (open) the vocal cords
Name the arrowed structures.
Trachea
Larynx
Vocal cords
Corniculate cartilage
Oesophagus
Name the arrowed structures of the larynx and vocal cords.
Base of tongue
Epiglottis
Vesibular (false) fold
Vocal (true) fold
Aryepiglottic fold
Cuneiform cartilage
Corniculate cartilage
Rima glottidis
Describe the arterial supply to the thryoid + where they branch from.
Superior thyroid artery, ECA
Inferior thyroid artery, subclavian artery
Describe the venous drainage of the thyroid + where they branch to.
Superior and middle thyroid vein, IJV
Inferior thyroid vein, braciocephalic vein
Describe the main 3 regions/ cells of the thyroid gland.
Round follciles with central colloid + outer ring of follicular cells
Dispersed parafollicular (C) cells between follicles
Describe the parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation of the thyroid gland.
Parasympathetic = recurrent and superior laryngeal (CN X)
Sympathetic = sup/middle/inf cervical ganlia of sympathetic trunk
Name the two divisions of laryngeal muscles + 2 subcategories of one division.
Extrinsic and intrinsic
Extrinsic = suprahyoid and infrahyoid
Name these coloured suprahyoid muscles.
Green = diagastric anterior and posterior belly
Blue = geniohyoid
Red = mylohyoid
Yellow = stylohyoid
What is the general rule about extrinsic laryngeal muscles with regards to the larynx?
Suprahyoid + stylopharyngeus elevate
Infrahyoid depress
Name these coloured infrahyoid muscles.
Blue = omahyoid
Red = thyrohyoid
Yellow = sternothyroid
Green = sternohyoid
Name these coloured intrinsic laryngeal muscles + name the missing posterior X-shaped pair.
Green = posterior cricoarytenoid
Purple = transverse arytenoid
Blue = lateral cricoarytenoid
Red = thryroarytenoid
Oblique arytenoids
What is the alternative name for the infrahyoid muscles?
Strap muscles
What attaches the posterior thyroid gland to the trachea?
Berry’s ligment
Describe the innervation of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles.
All inferior laryngeal nerve (CN X) except cricothyroid which is superior laryngeal nerve (CN X)
Where do the 4 parathyroid glands sit and what 2 cells are they made of?
Lateral lobes of the thyroid gland
Chief cells and oxyphil cells
What is the name of the large superifical muscle of the neck + innervation?
Platysma
CN VII
Name the origin and 2 insertions of SCM.
Mastoid process of temporal bone
Manubrium
Medial clavicle
What week + where does they thyroid gland originate?
Week 4
Between anterior 2/3rds and posterior 1/3rd of tongue
The throid gland descends attached to the … … and reaches final position at week … of embryogenesis.
Thryroglossal duct
Weeks 7
The two lobes of the thyroid joint at week … and a … lobe may forn of the … lobe.
8
Pyramidal
Left
Name 3 anatomical abnormalities of the thyroid gland.
Lingual gland
Retrosternal gland
Thyroglossal duct cysts
Name the 2 main layers of the adrenal glands.
Outer cortex
Inner medulla
Name the 3 zones of the adrenal cortex + what they produce + what stimulates them.
Outer glomerulosa (mineralocorticoids), angiotensin II
Middle fasciculata (glucocorticoids), ACTH
Inner reticularis (sex steroids), ACTH
What is the main cell, function and stimulation of the adrenal medulla?
Chromaffin cells
Secrete catecholamines (cortisol and adrenaline)
Sympathetic innervation
