Diabetes Flashcards
Is is important to think of diabetes as what type of disease?
Vascular
What is insulin dependent diabetes?
Damage to beta cells is the cause
What is insulin independent diabetes + give 2 examples?
Beta cells are functional so condition caused by other factors
Resistance
Channel mutations
What is HbA1c and what + what is the normal level + what is the level diabetes is diagnosed at + target level for reducing microvascular complications?
Average blood glucose over 3 months
< 41 mmol/l
> 48 mmol/l
< 53 mmol/l
Name 3 tests for diagnosing diabetes.
Fasting glucose
Random glucose
Oral glucose tolerance test
How long is a fasting glucose + how long and how much glucose for an OGTT?
Fasting = 8 hours OGTT = 75g and 2 hours
How many venous glucose samples for symptomatic and non-symptomatic DM patients?
1 for symptomatic
2 for non-symptomatic
Diagnosis of DM for symptomatic patients?
Presence of classic symptoms
Fasting glucose > 7
Random or OGTT > 11.1
Diagnosis of DM for non-symptomatic patients?
2 separate findings of:
Fasting glucose > 7
Random or OGTT > 11.1
HbA1c > 48 mol/l
What is T1DM?
Autoimmune beta cell loss causing insulin deficiency
Is T1DM associated with other autoimmune conditions. If so, what is the genetic link?
Yes
DR3, DR4, DQ2 and DQ8 genes
How can T1DM present?
Young Weight loss Fatigue Polyuria/dipsia DKA
Name 3 islet cell autoantibodies associated with T1DM + do they appear before or after symptoms?.
GAD65
IA-2
ZnT8
Before symptoms
What is the general treatment for T1DM?
MDI or insulin pump (CSI)
DAFNE education
What 4 things can be tested in the blood for T1DM and will they be high/low/present/absent?
Autoantibodies = present
C-peptide = low
HbA1c = high
Blood glucose = high
Name a complication of MDI.
Lipohypertrophy