Diabetes - Scott

Question 1

What is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease?

Answer 1

Diabetes

Question 2

What is the leading cause of adult-onset blindness?

Answer 2

Diabetes

Question 3

How much of total diabetes diagnoses is Type 1 D? Type 2 D?

Answer 3

T1D: 5%
T2D: 90%

Question 4

What are the most frequent mutations in MODY?

Answer 4

HNF 4a
Glucokinase
HNF-1a
IPF-1
HNF-1b
NeuroD1

Question 5

What receptors are increased in response to insulin?

Answer 5

Glut4

Question 6

How much of the beta cells need to be destroyed before symptoms start?

Answer 6

80%

Question 7

What MHCII alleles are most frequently associated with T1D?

Answer 7

HLA-DR3

HLA-DR4

Question 8

What do these MHC variants have altered?

Answer 8

Altered amino acids in binding site, resulting in less effective in binding proteins

Question 9

What is the drug given for prevention of at-risk individuals for T1D?

Answer 9

Teplizumab

Question 10

Where are the primary sites of insulin resistance in T2D?

Answer 10

Adipose
Skeletal muscle
Liver

Question 11

What is an important cytokine to inflammation in T2D?

Answer 11

TNFa

Question 12

What is the TNFa receptor?

Answer 12

Threonine kinase JNK

Question 13

What does JNK do to insulin receptors?

Answer 13

Renders them inactive

Question 14

With increased TNFa, what do adipose cells do with free fatty acids?

Answer 14

Increase release of FFA’s, not formation

Question 15

Which TLR is important for skeletal muscle and liver cell insulin resistance?

Answer 15

TLR4

Question 16

What does metformin inhibit?

Answer 16

Complex 1 of ETC