Diabetes Module 6 Flashcards

0
Q

Most cells generate energy by metabolizing this carbohydrate

A

Glucose

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1
Q

This is the major source of energy

A

Glucose metabolism

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2
Q

Maintaining normal glucose levels is called

A

Glucose homeostasis

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3
Q

Losing glucose homeostasis can lead to

A

Either hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia

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4
Q

After consuming food glucose enters the blood from where?

A

The gastrointestinal track

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5
Q

This refers to the level of glucose eight or more hours after a meal

A

Fasting glucose

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6
Q

This refers to the level 1 to 2 hours after the start of a meal

A

Postprandial glucose

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7
Q

The pancreas plays a major role in glucose homeostasis via:

A

It’s secretion of insulin and glucagon from cell clusters called the islets of longerHans

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8
Q

The islets of LangerHans contain what to major cell types

A

Alpha and Beta

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9
Q

This type of cell is found in the pancreas and secretes glucagon

A

Alpha cell

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10
Q

This type of cell is found in the pancreas and produces insulin

A

Beta cell

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11
Q

What do the cells of the brain, kidney and liver have on their surface that facilitates the uptake of glucose?

A

GLUT 1&2

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12
Q

80% of sales increase their uptake of Glucose in response to

A

Insulin

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13
Q

In the presence of excess glucose insulin stimulates the formation of what?

A

Glycogen (storage form of glucose) in the liver and skeletal muscles

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14
Q

The process of the formation of glycogen is called:

A

Glycogenisis

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15
Q

The breakdown of glycogen to glucose (as indigestion or as an mobilization of glycogen from the liver after a fast)

A

Glycogenolysis

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16
Q

The formation of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources such as proteins and the glycerol portion of fats

A

Gluconeogenesis

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17
Q

Liver glycogenolysis rapidly provides first line of glucose reserves directly to

A

The blood

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18
Q

Gluconeogenesis provides additional source of

A

Glucose during prolonged fasting

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19
Q

The failure of cells to respond to insulin is called

A

Insulin resistance

20
Q

What do muscle cells lack that is necessary to release glucose directly into the blood?

21
Q

Glucagon contributes to elevation of

A

Blood glucose

22
Q

Insulin contributes to the lowering of

A

Blood glucose

23
Q

Gluconeogenesis contributes to elevation of

A

Blood glucose

24
Glycogen is this contributes to the lowering of
Blood glucose
25
Insulin resistance contributes to the elevation of
Blood glucose
26
Glycogenolysis contributes to the elevation of
Blood glucose
27
Impaired beta cell function contributes to the elevation of
Blood glucose
28
Activate include GLUT4 proteins at the cell surface contribute to the lowering of
Blood glucose
29
How many gallons of blood to the kidneys filter daily?
50 gallons
30
Kidneys contribute to homeostasis by:
Re-absorbent back into the bloodstream all glucose filtered through them
31
Normal kidney reabsorption has a limit of 180 mg/dL to 200 milligrams per deciliter: when glucose in filtrate exceeds the limit...
The kidney excretes the excess into the urine
32
In patients with diabetes sometimes the threshold increases to 260 mg/dL to 350 mg/dL and this causes
An exacerbation in the severity of hyperglycemia
33
The small intestine produces two incretin hormones which are
Glucagon like peptide one or GLP one & glucose dependent insulinotrophic polypeptide or GIP
34
Glp1 and GIP are inactivated by
dipeptidyl peptidase four
35
In this type of patient there is a deficiency in
GLP one and a resistance to action of GIP
36
A triglyceride is
A compound consisting of three molecules of fatty acid in molecule of glycerol , it is a fat synthesized from carbohydrates for storage in adipose cells, once hydrolyzed by enzymes it releases free fatty acids into the blood
37
Very low density lipoprotein or VLDL is
A class of lipoprotein that transports triglycerides from the liver and intestines to adipose and muscle tissues
38
Triglyceride packaged and exported in:
Very low density lipoprotein or VLDL and stored as fat
39
A sudden drop in blood glucose activates
Sympathetic nervous system which stimulates epinephrine release by the adrenal Medela
40
The effects of epinephrine are essentially the same as that of
Glucagon
41
In paired insulin secretion in the pancreas
Persistent decline in insulin secretion from beta cells of pancreas leads to hyperglycemia
42
Insulin resistance in the muscle
Leads to impaired glucose uptake and postprandial hyperglycemia
43
Insulin resistance in the liver
Lease to inappropriate production of glucose via gluconeogenesis
44
The presence of abnormally high insulin in the blood
Hyperinsulinemia
45
A condition in which a person's blood glucose level is 140 mg/dL to 199 mg/dL two hours after an oral glucose load
Impaired glucose tolerance or IGT
46
A condition in which a person's fasting blood glucose level is 100 mg/dL to 125 mg/dL
Impaired fasting glucose or IFG
47
What percent of individuals with prediabetes develop overt type two diabetes?
Approximately 25%