Diabetes Module 6 Flashcards
Most cells generate energy by metabolizing this carbohydrate
Glucose
This is the major source of energy
Glucose metabolism
Maintaining normal glucose levels is called
Glucose homeostasis
Losing glucose homeostasis can lead to
Either hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia
After consuming food glucose enters the blood from where?
The gastrointestinal track
This refers to the level of glucose eight or more hours after a meal
Fasting glucose
This refers to the level 1 to 2 hours after the start of a meal
Postprandial glucose
The pancreas plays a major role in glucose homeostasis via:
It’s secretion of insulin and glucagon from cell clusters called the islets of longerHans
The islets of LangerHans contain what to major cell types
Alpha and Beta
This type of cell is found in the pancreas and secretes glucagon
Alpha cell
This type of cell is found in the pancreas and produces insulin
Beta cell
What do the cells of the brain, kidney and liver have on their surface that facilitates the uptake of glucose?
GLUT 1&2
80% of sales increase their uptake of Glucose in response to
Insulin
In the presence of excess glucose insulin stimulates the formation of what?
Glycogen (storage form of glucose) in the liver and skeletal muscles
The process of the formation of glycogen is called:
Glycogenisis
The breakdown of glycogen to glucose (as indigestion or as an mobilization of glycogen from the liver after a fast)
Glycogenolysis
The formation of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources such as proteins and the glycerol portion of fats
Gluconeogenesis
Liver glycogenolysis rapidly provides first line of glucose reserves directly to
The blood
Gluconeogenesis provides additional source of
Glucose during prolonged fasting
The failure of cells to respond to insulin is called
Insulin resistance
What do muscle cells lack that is necessary to release glucose directly into the blood?
An enzyme
Glucagon contributes to elevation of
Blood glucose
Insulin contributes to the lowering of
Blood glucose
Gluconeogenesis contributes to elevation of
Blood glucose
Glycogen is this contributes to the lowering of
Blood glucose
Insulin resistance contributes to the elevation of
Blood glucose
Glycogenolysis contributes to the elevation of
Blood glucose
Impaired beta cell function contributes to the elevation of
Blood glucose
Activate include GLUT4 proteins at the cell surface contribute to the lowering of
Blood glucose
How many gallons of blood to the kidneys filter daily?
50 gallons
Kidneys contribute to homeostasis by:
Re-absorbent back into the bloodstream all glucose filtered through them
Normal kidney reabsorption has a limit of 180 mg/dL to 200 milligrams per deciliter: when glucose in filtrate exceeds the limit…
The kidney excretes the excess into the urine
In patients with diabetes sometimes the threshold increases to 260 mg/dL to 350 mg/dL and this causes
An exacerbation in the severity of hyperglycemia
The small intestine produces two incretin hormones which are
Glucagon like peptide one or GLP one & glucose dependent insulinotrophic polypeptide or GIP
Glp1 and GIP are inactivated by
dipeptidyl peptidase four
In this type of patient there is a deficiency in
GLP one and a resistance to action of GIP
A triglyceride is
A compound consisting of three molecules of fatty acid in molecule of glycerol , it is a fat synthesized from carbohydrates for storage in adipose cells, once hydrolyzed by enzymes it releases free fatty acids into the blood
Very low density lipoprotein or VLDL is
A class of lipoprotein that transports triglycerides from the liver and intestines to adipose and muscle tissues
Triglyceride packaged and exported in:
Very low density lipoprotein or VLDL and stored as fat
A sudden drop in blood glucose activates
Sympathetic nervous system which stimulates epinephrine release by the adrenal Medela
The effects of epinephrine are essentially the same as that of
Glucagon
In paired insulin secretion in the pancreas
Persistent decline in insulin secretion from beta cells of pancreas leads to hyperglycemia
Insulin resistance in the muscle
Leads to impaired glucose uptake and postprandial hyperglycemia
Insulin resistance in the liver
Lease to inappropriate production of glucose via gluconeogenesis
The presence of abnormally high insulin in the blood
Hyperinsulinemia
A condition in which a person’s blood glucose level is 140 mg/dL to 199 mg/dL two hours after an oral glucose load
Impaired glucose tolerance or IGT
A condition in which a person’s fasting blood glucose level is 100 mg/dL to 125 mg/dL
Impaired fasting glucose or IFG
What percent of individuals with prediabetes develop overt type two diabetes?
Approximately 25%
